i. Setting and Scene
Setting refers to the time and place whereas scene refers to the psychological setting and the cultural setting.
ii. Participants
Participant includes speaker-listener, addressor-addressee, or sender-receiver. iii. Ends
Ends are the speaker’s and addressee’s goals in their practice in communication and the outcomes that attained. The outcomes whether intended or not may be different
from the goal that have been planned. iv.
Act Sequence Act sequence refers to the actual form and content of what is said.
v. Key
Key refers to the tone, manner, and spirit when the message is conveyed. vi.
Instrumentalities The choice of channel oral or written and the forms of speech, such as the language,
dialect, code, register that is chosen. vii.
Norms of interaction and interpretation It refers to the specific behaviors and properties in speaking.
viii. Genre Genre refers to the type of utterance.
Wardhaugh, 2010: 259-261
d. Language Variation
Based on Ralph Fasold and Jeff Connor-Linton, people use nonstandard dialect for important social reasons. A nonstandard dialect is related to home and their local
neighborhood. A nonstandard dialect is sometimes also used to carry connotations of coolness and toughness. Fasold, Ralph and Jeff Connor-Linton, 2006: 315
In some communities, speakers in lower-social-class groups that are seen from their income, occupation, and education use more non standard dialect than the
standard one. The inherent variability of dialects also seen from the individual level: the formality of the situation or who they’re talking to. Fasold, Ralph and Jeff
Connor-Linton, 2006: 316
e. Solidarity and Politeness
Wardhaugh states when people speak, they use choices of many different kinds; what people want to say, how people want to say it, and the specific sentence
types, words, and sounds. How people say something is at least as important as what people say; in fact, the content and the form are inseparable, but being two facets of
the same object. One way to see the relation between speakers is to examine the aspects of communication such as the use of tu and vous, the use of naming and
address terms, and the use of politeness markers. Wardhaugh, 2010: 274
