Regional Dialect and Social Dialect

i. Tu and Vous

Many languages have a distinction corresponding to the tu-vous distinction in French. Both tu and vous mean you. The grammatical difference is tu T is a ‘singular you’ and vous V is a ‘plural you’. Wardhaugh says that T form is described as the ‘familiar’ form and the V form as the ‘polite’ one. Other languages also use tu and vous distinction. Those languages are Latin tuvous, Russian tyvy, Italian tulei, German dusie, Swedish duni, greek esiesis, and English thouyou. Wardhaugh, 2010: 274 Wardhaugh says that tu and vous are based on someone’s social class. In medieval times, the upper classes use T forms to show solidarity. The upper classes treat lower classes with T but received V. That condition symbolizes a ‘power’ relationship. It happens to such situations such as people to animals, master or mistress to servants, parents to children, and priest to penitent. Wardhaugh, 2010: 275 The use of V becomes ‘polite’ use. In other sides, the use of T is available to show intimacy, and its use for that purpose also spread to the situations in which two people agreed they had strong common interests, i.e. ‘feeling of solidarity’. T for solidarity comes to replace politeness since solidarity is often more important than politeness in personal relationships. Wardhaugh, 2010: 275 ii. Address Terms In An Introduction to Sociolinguistics, Wardhaugh states Brown and Ford’s study about naming practices in English that is based on modern plays. It is stated that the use of unequal title, last name, and first name TLNFN shows inequality in power whereas the use of mutual TLN shows inequality and unfamiliarity, and the use of mutual FN shows equality and familiarity. Wardhaugh, 2010: 282 Address someone by title alone is the least intimate form address. Knowing and using someone’s first name, a sign of intimacy. For example: Doctor Smith is more intimate than Doctor alone. Wardhaugh, 2010: 282-283

2. Theory of Syntax a. Part of speech

i. Pronouns

Table 1. List of Pronoun Personal Pronouns Reflective Pronouns Possessive Pronouns Subj case Obj Case Determiner function Nominal function 1 st pers Singular I Me Myself My Mine Plural We Us Ourselves Our Ours 2 nd pers Singular You Yourself Your Plural Yourselves 3 rd pers Singular masc He Him Himself His fem She Her Herself Her Hers Non- perso It Itself Its