raisan resultat, locale, agents instrumentalities, norms, to key, and types genres Hymes, 1974:62. One of those factors above is ends. Ends is divided into two
things. The first is the speaker’s and addressee’s goals in their practice in communication. The second is the outcomes that attained. The outcomes whether
intended or not may be different from the goal that has been planned. Hymes, 1974: 57
The theory of tu and vous by Wardhaugh is also used to help answering the second problem. Wardhaugh says that tu and vous are used based on someone’s
social class. In medieval times, the upper classes use V forms with each other to show politeness whereas the lower classes use T forms to show solidarity. The upper
classes treat lower classes with T but received V. that condition symbolizes a ‘power’ relationship. It happens to situations such as people to animals, master or mistress to
servants, parents to children, and priest to penitent. Wardhaugh, 1992: 259 Before using those theories, the writer explains who Mary and Colin are and
Martha’s and Ben’s relationship with Mary and Colin as children. The situations when Martha and Ben use Standard English and the situations when Martha and Ben
use the Yorkshire dialect are also given. The last step taken is by making a conclusion based on the answers of the problems in this study.
36
CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In this chapter, there will be two analyses. The first one is the grammatical features in Non-Standard form used by Martha and Ben in talking to the children. The
second is Martha’s and Ben’s reasons of speaking Standard and the Yorkshire dialect to the children.
Based on What is Sociolinguistics, standard is the rule or law of a language. Standard English is often taught in school, used in formal writing, and often be heard
from newscasters, and other media figures who are trying to project authority or ability. In other side, non-Standard is described as varieties of language that is out of
the standard. Herk, 2012: 12
A. Analysis of the grammatical features on the Yorkshire dialect used by Martha and Ben in their utterances to the children
Table 15. The Grammatical Features on the Yorkshire Dialect Used by Martha and Ben in Their Utterances to the Children
Features The
Yorkshire Form
Standard English The example of utterances
Nouns and pronouns
Pronoun tha You
Tha means
you. www.urbandictionary
.comdefine.php?term =Tha
,
Oct 16, 2014 Martha25Mary That’s th’
moor. Does tha’ like it?
Ben37Mary If tha’ likes. But there’s nowt to see.
Features The
Yorkshire Form
Standard English The example of utterances
Nouns and pronouns
Pronoun thee You
Thee is an old English form
of object
pronoun thou and now replaced by you The
Oxford American
Dictionary and
Thesaurus, 2003:
1585 Martha86Mary
Two pieces o’ meat an’ two helps
o’ rice puddin’ Eh Mother will be pleased when I tell
her what th’ skippin’-rope’s done for thee.
Ben39Mary There was nothin’ to prevent thee.
Pronoun thy Your
Thy is a possessive pronoun
and now
replaced by
your except in some formal,
liturgical, dialect, and poetic
uses The
Oxford American
Dictionary and
Thesaurus, 2003:
1597 Martha30Mary I’ll help
thee on with thy clothes if tha’ll get out o’ bed.
Ben79Mary Well Upon my word P’raps tha’ art a
young ‘un, after all, an’ p’raps tha’s got child’s
blood in thy veins instead of sour buttermilk.
Reflective pronoun
thysen, thyself Yourself
Thysen and thyself are the archaic form of
yourself http:www.merriam-
webster.comdictionar ythyself
,
October 16, 2014
Martha28Mary Well, its time tha should learn. Tha
cannot begin younger. Itll do thee good to wait on
thysen
a bit. Ben246Colin What did
tha’ shut thysel’
up for?
The adding of that
in answering
yesno interrogative
sentence Yesno + subject +
auxiliary + n’t http:www.englisch-
hilfen.deengrammar frage4.htm
,
October 8, 2014
Martha26Mary Aye, that I do
. I just love it. Its none bare. …
Ben41Mary Aye, that he will
. Ive knowed him ever since he was a fledgling. …
Features The
Yorkshire Form
Standard English The example of utterances
Nouns and pronouns
Subject pronoun used
as a redundant element
Redundant means
repeating something
else and
therefore unnecessary
http:www.merriam- webster.comdictionar
yredundant Oct 20, 2014
Martha30Mary He said, ‘I won’t have a child
dressed in black wanderin’ about like a lost soul,’ he
said. ‘It’d make the place sadder that it is. Put color
on her.’ Mother she
said she knew what he meant.
Mother always knows what a body means. She doesn’t
hold with black hersel’.
3
rd
person singular
subject pronoun
him and her
He, she Quirk, 102: 1973
Martha51-52Mary Him
an’ her used to go in an’ shut th’ door an’ stay three
hours an’ hours, readin’ and talkin’.
Ben239-240Mary Him
showin thee th way Him
Zero plural
marker Nouns such as week,
month, year, pound, stone
and mile
are unmarked for plural in
many varieties of non- standard English, but
Standard
English requires
the plural
suffix -s http:www.bl.uklear
ninglanglitsoundscas e-
studiesgeordiegramm ar, Sept 30, 2014
Martha65Mary Tha’
couldn’t walk five mile. It’s five mile
to our cottage. Ben292Colin
I was
thinkin’ as I’d warrant tha’s gone up
three or four pound
this week. I was lookin’ at tha’ calves an’
tha’ shoulders. I’d like to get thee on a pair o’ scales.
Features The
Yorkshire Form
Standard English The example of utterances
Nouns and pronouns
Subject pronoun them
and us They, we
Quirk, 102: 1973 Martha88-89Mary Them
was the very words she said.
Martha120Mary Well,
hes th best lad as ever was born, but us never thought
he was handsome.
Anticipatory pronoun
Much of the North of England
speakers frequently
use a
pronoun as
an emphatic
tag in
expressions, such as I play football, me or
hes a madman, him http:www.bl.uklear
ninglanglitsoundscas e-
studiesgeordiegramm ar, Sept 30, 2014
Martha30Mary She
doesn’t hold with black hersel’.
Ben42Mary I’m lonely mysel’ except when he’s
with me.
Reflective pronoun
hisself Himself
Quirk, 102: 1973 Ben41Mary He knows all
th things Mester Craven never troubles hissel to find
out.
Verbs and Auxiliaries
The use of –s on non-third
person singular
present-tense verb
-s on third person singular present-tense
verb Agreement
between subject
and verb
Curme, 1966: 115 Martha25Mary Thats th
moor. Does tha like it?
Ben44Mary … Th very blackberries
an heatherbells knows
him. I
warrant th foxes shows him where their cubs lies
an th skylarks doesnt hide their nests from him.
Features The
Yorkshire Form
Standard English The example of utterances
Verbs and auxiliaries
Pronoun tha + archaic to be
or tha
+ archaic modal
verb tha’rt
and tha’lt You are, you will
Archaic is commonly used in an earlier time
but rare in present-day usage
except to
suggest the older time, as in religious rituals
or historical novels http:dictionary.refer
ence.combrowsearch aic, April 20, 2015
Martha26Mary That’s
because tha’rt not used to it. Tha thinks it’s too big an’
bare now. But tha’ will like it.
Ben42Mary Then
no
wonder tha’rt lonely. Tha’lt be lonelier before tha’s
done.
Present Progressive
Tense and
Past Progressive
Tense be + to + simple verb
Subject + be + V – ing Azar, Betty S and
Stacy A. Hagen, 2009: 3
Martha27Mary Im Mrs. Medlocks servant. An shes
Mr. Cravens—but Im to do the housemaids work up
here an wait on you a bit. But you wont need much
waitin on.
3
rd
person and 2
nd
person plural wasis
Were, are Agreement
between subject
and verb
Curme, 1966: 115 Martha28Mary When I
heard you was comin from India I thought you was a
black too.
Ben96Mary Thas
beginnin to
do
Misselthwaite credit. Thas a bit fatter than tha was an
thas
not quite so yeller.
