ii. Address Terms
In An Introduction to Sociolinguistics, Wardhaugh states Brown and Ford’s study about naming practices in English that is based on modern plays. It is stated
that the use of unequal title, last name, and first name TLNFN shows inequality in power whereas the use of mutual TLN shows inequality and unfamiliarity, and the
use of mutual FN shows equality and familiarity. Wardhaugh, 2010: 282 Address someone by title alone is the least intimate form address. Knowing
and using someone’s first name, a sign of intimacy. For example: Doctor Smith is more intimate than Doctor alone. Wardhaugh, 2010: 282-283
2. Theory of Syntax a. Part of speech
i. Pronouns
Table 1. List of Pronoun
Personal Pronouns
Reflective Pronouns
Possessive Pronouns
Subj case
Obj Case
Determiner function
Nominal function
1
st
pers Singular
I Me
Myself My
Mine Plural
We Us
Ourselves Our
Ours 2
nd
pers Singular
You Yourself
Your Plural
Yourselves 3
rd
pers Singular
masc He
Him Himself
His fem
She Her
Herself Her
Hers Non-
perso It
Itself Its
nal Plural
They Them
Themselves Their
Theirs Quirk, 102: 1973
ii. Adjective
An adjective is used with a pronoun or pronoun to describe the living being or lifeless thing. For example: a little boy, that boy, this boy, a little house. Curme,
1966: 18 Most adjectives can go in two main places in a sentence. It can be placed before a noun or after be, seem, look, become and other ‘copular’ verbs. Swan, 1981:
9
iii. Inflection of Verbs
Based on Curme, the English verb has forms called voices, moods, tenses, aspects, numbers, and persons that represent the action suggested by the verb as
limited in various ways, such as in person, number, time, manner of conception, etc. Curme, 1966: 52
English has two voices, the active and the passive. Active voice is indicating that subject doing something. For example: Mary makes good bread. In other case,
passive voice is showing that the subject is affected the action from the verb. For example: John was punished for disobeying his mother. Curme, 1966: 52-53
English has two numbers which are singular and plural. For example He sings, she sings, you sing. Be also keeps the numbers distinct in the first and third
person indicative in both the present and the past tense. For example are I am, he is, I was, he was, and we were. In other hand, English has three person that are 1
st
person, 2
nd
person, and 3
rd
person. Curme, 1966: 56 Tense is a category to indicate the time of some actions. There are three types
of tenses: past, present, and future. For example: I wrote past; I write present; I shall write future. Tense also shows whether the action or a state of being expressed
by the verb is or was, or will be complete perfect, or whether the action is or was, or will be incomplete continuous or imperfect. For example: I was writing past
continuous or past imperfect. I had written past perfect. Burton, 1982: 133
Table 2. Tenses
Form Symbol
E.g. Functions
1 Base V
Call Drink
Put a All the present tenses except
3
rd
person singular;
Iyouwethey callevery day b Imperative: Call at once
c Subjunctive: He demanded that she call and see him.
d The bare infinitive: He wants her to call.
2 –s form 3
rd
person singular
present V-s
Calls Drinks
Puts 3
rd
person singular present tense: Hesheit calls every day
3 Past
V-ed
1
Called Drank
Put Past tense: He called yesterday
4 –ing
participle present
participle V-ing
Calling Drinking
Putting a Progressive aspect be+V-ing:
He’s calling in a moment. b In
–ing participle clauses: Calling early, I found her at
home.
