2. Anthony Mary Fox research’s “The Controversy Goes On: Standard vs.
Black Dialect”
The research discusses the black dialect that is used by black students in American school. In their school, black students have to speak with General
American dialect. It is shown that black students sometimes have big fear since teachers in their school always state that their language is incorrect. The writer says
that the child’s black dialect should be accepted since it has a complete grammatical system related to the American dialect. The writer also gives patterns of black dialect
based on Ralph W. Fasold and Walt Wolfram such as “s” or “es” suffix that is not a part of the grammar of black dialect he do, we do, you do, they do, black children
usually say aks for ask due to the fact that blacks learn originally from the supervisor in the field who speak a non-standard English and the use of the archaic English form
of aks for ask. It is said that the teacher should teach black students about what Standard
English is and also how and where it differs from non-standard English. The writer says that even though black dialect and American dialect are different, it cannot be
stated that one dialect is “right” or “wrong”. Both this present thesis and Mary Fox’s research wants to analyze dialect. In
her research, Fox states that such dialect cannot be said as right or wrong dialect. This present thesis also wants to analyze the Yorkshire dialect and its grammatical
patterns. The Yorkshire dialect also cannot be stated as a corrupt language. Yet, this
present thesis is still different from Mary Fox’s research. Lord analyses black dialect that is used by black children in American school whereas this present thesis analyzes
the Yorkshire dialect on The Secret Garden novel by Hodgson Burnett.
B. Review of Related Theories
The writer will explain some related theories to make her able to solve the three problems mentioned in the problem formulation above. The theories that are
related to the problems are sociolinguistics and syntax.
1. Theory of Sociolinguistics a. Language, dialects, and Standards
The term “language” is sometimes stated that it is equal with the standard language. Standard is called as a correct language in grammar books and used in
education, workplace, and government. Since the Standard is related to education, other varieties are called as lesser versions of the language. In fact, all varieties of
language, including those that are different from “standard” are equally complex, patterned, and also can be used to communicate to each other. Fasold, Ralph and Jeff
Connor-Linton, 2006: 312 Based on Ralph Fasold and Jeff Connor-Linton, labeling varieties as
‘language’ or ’dialect’ is usually complicated. The term of ‘language’ and ‘dialect’ is may be more about cultural and political issues than with linguistics. For example, in
China, the different varieties of Chinese Cantonese and Mandarin are linguistically
different from one another and also cannot be easy to understand especially in spoken form. Yet they consider speaking one language. On the other hand, Swedish
and Norwegian are considered two separate languages although they are really similar in linguistics aspect. Many of their speakers also easily understand one another.
Fasold, Ralph and Jeff Connor-Linton, 2006: 313 Wardhaugh also adds that dialect is used for local varieties of English, for
example, a Yorkshire dialect, and for a various types of informal, lower-class, or rural speech. Dialect is often related to non-standard or sub-standard when such terms are
applied to language and can imply various degrees of inferiority. That term of inferiority is continued to exist to those who speak dialect. Wardhaugh, 2010: 25
b. Regional Dialect and Social Dialect
Dialect is divided into two kinds, social dialect and regional dialect, which can show differences in speech associated with various social group or classes.
i. Regional Dialect
Regional dialect is geographically based. Every regional has different linguistic varieties such as different pronunciation, in the choices and forms of words, and in
syntax. When a language is seemed to be spoken in different varieties, how many varieties and how to classify each variety are then decided. Wardhaugh also states
about dialect geography. Dialect geography is the term that is used to describe the
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