Tu and Vous Theory of Sociolinguistics a. Language, dialects, and Standards

5 –ed participle past participle V-ed 2 Called Drunk Put a Perfective aspect have+V- ed 2 : He has drunk the water. b Passive voice be+V-ed 2 : he is called Jack. c In –ed participle clauses: Called early, he had a quick breakfast. Quirk, 1973:27 The Simple Tenses Table 3. The Simple Tenses Tense Example Meaning Simple Present It snows in Alaska. It expresses events or situations that exist now, existed in the past, and probably will exist in the future. Simple Past It snowed in Alaska. Began and ended in the past. Simple Future It will snow tomorrow. Happen in one particular time in the future. Azar, Betty S. and Stacy A. Hagen, 2009: 2 The Progressive Tenses The form of Progressive Tense is be + -ing Table 4. The Progressive Tenses Present Progressive He is sleeping right now. It has a progress at the present time and probably will be continued. Past Progressive He was sleeping when I arrived. It had a progress at the past time and probably continued. Future Progressive He will be sleeping when we arrive. It will be in progress at a particular time in the future. Azar, Betty S. and Stacy A. Hagen, 2009: 3 The Perfect Tenses The form of perfect tense is have had will have + Past participle. The Perfect Tenses give the idea that something happens before another time or event. Table 5. The Perfect Tenses Tense Example Present Perfect I have already eaten. Past Perfect I had already eaten when they arrived. Future Perfect I will already have eaten when they arrived. Azar, Betty S. and Stacy A. Hagen, 2009: 4 The Perfect Progressive Tenses The form of perfect progressive tense is have had will have + been + -ing. The Perfect Progressive tenses give the idea that one event is in progress immediately before, up to, until another time and event. The tenses are used to show the duration of something. Table 6. The Perfect Progressive Tenses Tense Example Present Perfect Progressive I have been studying for two hours. Past Perfect Progressive I had been studying for two hours before my friend came. Future Perfect Progressive I will have been studying for two hours by the time you arrive. Azar, Betty S. and Stacy A. Hagen, 2009: 5