Unit 3: Charateristics of computer
22
Tremendous a Nhi u, to l n, kh ng khi p
2. Các ý chính trong bài
- All computers have an input, a processor, an output and a storage device. T t c các máy
tính đ u có m t thi t b đ u vào, m t b sử lý, m t thi t b đ u ra và m t thi t b l u trữ.
- All computers have the same basic hardware components. T t c các máy tính
đ u có các linh ki n ph n c ng c
ơ b n. -
All information to be processed must be prepared in such a way that the computer will understand it.
- T t c các thông tin
đ c sử lý ph i đ c chu n b theo cách đ máy tính có th hi u đ c nó.
- Because of the complex electronic circuitry of a computer, data can be either stored or
moved about at high speeds. Do có m ch tinh vi c a máy tính, d ữ li u có th đ c l u trữ
ho ặc xoá đi v i t c đ nhanh.
- The processor is the central component of a computer system.B s
ử lý là linh ki n trung tâm c a h th ng máy tính.
- All other devices used in a computer system are attached to the CPU. T t c các thi t b
khác đ c dùng trong máy tính đ u đ c k t n i v i b sử lý trung tâm.
- Memory devices are used for storing information. T t c các b nh
đ u đ c dùng đ l u thông tin.
Bài khoá Corpputers are machines designed to process, electronically, specially prepared pieces of
information which are termed data. Handling or manipulating the information that has been given to the computer, in such ways as doing calculations, adding information or making comparisons is
called processing. Computers are made up of millions of electronic devices capable of storing data or moving them, at enormous speeds, through complex circuits with different functions.
All computers have several characteristics in common, regardless of make or design. Information, in the form of instructions and data, is given to the machine, after which the machine
acts on it, and a result is then returned. The information presented to the machine is the input; the internal manipulative operations, the processing; and the result, the output. These three basic
concepts of input, processing, and output occur in almost every aspect of human life whether at work or at play. For example, in clothing manufacturing, the input is the pieces of cut cloth, the
processing is the sewing together of these pieces, and the output is the finished garment.
Unit 3: Charateristics of computer
23
Figure shows schematically the fundamental hardware components in a computer system. The centerpiece is called either the computer, the processor, or usually, the central processing unit
CPU. The term computer includes those parts of hardware in which calculations and other data anipulations are performed, and the high-speed internal memory in which data and calculations
are stored during actual execution of programs. Attached to the CPU are the various peripheral devices such as card reader and keyboards two common examples of input devices. When data
or program need to be saved for long period of time, they are stored on various secondary memory devices of storage devices such a magnetic tapes or magnetic disks.
Computers have often been thought of as extremely large adding machines, but this is a very narrow view of their function. Although a computer can only respond to certain number of
instructions, it is not a single-purpose machine since these instructions can be combined in an infinite number of sequences. Therefore, a computer has no known limit on the kinds of things it
can do; its versatility is limited only by the imagination of those using it.
In the late 1950s and early 1960s when electronic computers of the kind in use today were being developed, they were very expensive to own and run. Moreover, their size and reliability
were such that a large number of support personnel were needed to keep the equipment operating. This has all changed now that computing power has become portable, more compact, and cheaper.
In only a very short period of time, computers have greatly changed the way in which many kinds of work are performed. Computers can remove many of the routine and boring tasks from
our lives, thereby leaving us with more time for interesting, creative work. It goes without saying that computers have created whole new areas of work that did not exist before their development.
a. Main idea
Which statement best expresses the main idea of the text? Why did you eliminate the other choices?
1. Computers have changed the way in which we live. 2. All computers have an input, a processor output and a storage device.
3. Computers have decreased mans workload. 4. All computers have the same basic hardware components.
b. Understanding the passage
INPUT OUTPUT
COMPUTER
SEC.STORAGE
Unit 3: Charateristics of computer
24
Decide whether the following statements are true or false TF by referring to the information in the text. Then make the necessary changes so that the false statement become true.
1. All information to be processed must be prepared in such a way that the computer will understand it.
2. Because of the complex electronic circuitry of a computer, data can be either stored or moved about at high speeds.
3.Not all computers can process data given to them and produce results. 4. The basic concepts of data processing are restricted to computers alone.
5. The processor is the central component of a computer system. 6.All other devices used in a computer system are attached to the CPU.
7. Memory devices are used for storing information. 8. Computers are very much restricted in what they can do.
9. Computers today cost less, are smaller, and need fewer people to operate them than in the past.
10. Computers havent changed our working conditions very much.
Bài d ịch
1. Máy tính là máy
đ c thi t k đ xử lý bằng đi n tự những m u tin đã đ c chu n b đặc bi t g i là dữ li u. Vi c đi u khi n hay thao tác các thông tin đã đ a vào máy bằng
nh ững ph ơng pháp nh tính toán, b sung hay so sánh thông tin đ c g i là sử lý. Máy
tính đ c c u thành t hàng tri u thi t b đi n tử có kh năng l u trữ hoặc di chuy n dữ
li u, v i t c đ thật l n, qua các m ng ph c t p có ch c năng khác nhau.
2. T t c máy tính
đ u có chung m t s đặc tính, không tính đ n vi c ch t o hay thi t k . Thông tin
đ c đ a vào máy tính d i hình th c l nh và s li u, sau đó máy tính sử lý và cho k t qu . Tin
đ c đ a vào máy tính g i là đ u nhập, ho t đ ng thao tác bên trong g i là s
ử lý, và k t qu nhận đ c g i là đ u xu t. Ba quan ni m v đ u nhập, sử lý, đ u xu t này h u nh x y ra trong m i l
ĩnh vực c a cu c s ng con ng i, dù đang làm vi c hay ch
ơi đùa cũng th . Ví d trong s n xu t qu n áo, đ u nhập là v i đ c cắt, sử lý, ráp và may,
đ u xu t là qu n áo hoàn ch nh.
Unit 3: Charateristics of computer
25
3. Hình mô t nh
ững b phận cơ b n c u thành ph n c ng trong h th ng máy tính d i d ng s
ơ đ . Ph n trung tâm đ c g i là máy tính, b xử lý, hay th ng g i là b xử lý trung tâm. Thu
ật ngữ máy tính bao g m những b phận ph n c ng này, nơi thi hành các tính toán và nh
ững thao tác dữ li u khác, và b nh trong t c đ cao nơi l u trữ dữ li u và tính toán trong quá trình th
ực hi n trên thực t ch ơng trình ph n m m vào b xử lý trung tâm là nh
ững thi t b ngo i vi khác nhau, nh b đ c thẻ, và bàn phím hai ví d thông th
ng v thi t b nh ập tin. Khi c n l u trữ dữ li u hoặc ch ơng trình trong th i
gian dài, chúng s ẽ đ c l u vào các thi t b nh ph hay l u trữ nh băng t hay đĩa t .
4. Máy tính
đ c cho là máy tính c ng cực l n, nh ng đây là cái nhìn h n hẹp v ch c n
ăng c a chúng. Mặc dù máy tính ch có th ph n h i m t s l nh nh t đ nh nh ng nó không ph i là c
ỗ máy đơn năng vì những l nh này có th k t h p thành vô s chuỗi l nh. Do v
ậy máy tính không b gi i h n lo i công vi c mà nó có th thực hi n, kh năng c a máy tính ch b gi i h n b i trí t
ng t ng c a ng
i s ử d ng.
5. vào cu i n
ăm 50, 60 khi máy tính đi n tử, lo i máy ngày nay b n th ơng sử d ng đang trên
đà phát tri n, mua và vận hành chúng r t đắt ti n. Hơn th v i m t kích th c và đ tin c
ậy nh th , ph i c n m t s l ng nhân viêc ph tr máy m i vận hành đ c. Hi n nay
đã thay đ i, máy tính có th xách tay, g n hơn và rẻ ti n hơn. 6.
Ch trong m t th i gian ng ắn, máy tính thay đ i thực hi n nhi u lo i công vi c . Máy
tính có th lo i b nhi u công vi c nhàm chán kh i cu c s ng chúng ta, do đó chúng ta
có nhi u th i gian h ơn dành cho h ng thú và sáng t o. có th nói rằng máy tính đã t o ra
nhi u l ĩnh vực công vi c m i ch a t ng t n t i tr c khi máy tính phát tri n.
3. Ng ữ pháp:
M t đo n văn là m t nhóm các câu đ c lên k t v i nhau đ phát tri n m t ý. H u nh
trong t t c các đo n văn, có m t ý quan tr ng nh t, đó là ý chính c a đo n văn và th ng là câu
đ u tiên c a mỗi đo n văn.Ng i ta g i là câu ch đ topic sentence.Ngoài ra còn có các ý phân tích chi ti t h
ơn trong các sau c a đo n văn.
Bây gi ờ bạn hãy quay lại đ c bài khoá đ tim các câu ch đ và các ý ph c a từng
đoạn văn rồi so sánh v i kết quả trong phần ý chính g i ý trong m c 2. 4. Nâng cao:
A black box
Many people do not understand how a system works, yet they know that if the system is given a certain input it will produce a certain output. For example, in a recorded music system
when a CD is placed in the CD player and the play button is pressed, the music will be heard. Most people are not concerned with how the CD player works. A system such as this can be
called a black box because the internal components of the system are not fully understood by most people. Their main concern is that the system accomplishes its task.
H p đen
Nhi u ng i không hi u m t h th ng làm vi c nh th nào, tuy nhhiên h bi t
đ u vào và đ u ra c a h th ng đó. Ví d nh trong m t h th ng ghi âm, khi m t chi c đĩa CD đ c đ a vào
Unit 3: Charateristics of computer
26
trong đ u đĩa và nút bật đ c n thì ta sẽ nghe th y nhac. H u h t m i ng i đ u không quan tâm
xem đ u đĩa làm vi c th nào. M t h th ng nh vậy đ c g i là h p đen b i các thành ph n c a
h th ng không đ c m i ng i bi t đ n. Đi u quan tâm chính là h th ng đã thực hi n đ c tác
v c a nó.
III. H i tho ại:
Dialogue 1: Jim gets the new computer home, turns it on, and nothing happens.
Pair work. Practice the conversation.
Linda: Hey Jim, thats a nice computer.Này Jim,
đó là m t chi c Máy tính t t.
Jim: Yeah, but it doesnt work. Look, I turn on the
monitor, turn on the computer, and nothing happens. , nh ng nó h ng r i. Nhìn nh , tôi b
ật màn hình lên, bật máy tình lên mà ch
ẳng xu t hi n cái gì c .
Linda: Are all the cables plugged in?
Đã cắm đ các dây c
ắm ch a?
Jim: Yes, and I read the manual three times. I dont
understand R i, tôi đã đ c sách h ng d n ba l n r i. Tôi
không hi u sao n ữa.
Linda: Let me look at it. Oh, here you are - you didnt
plug it in. Đ tôi xem nào. đây r i- b n đã cắm đi n đâu.
Jim: Oh no.... Ôi, không.
Dialogue 2: Pair work. Practice the conversation.
Mary: Whats in these boxes? Có gì trong nh
ững h p này v
ậy?
Jim: The big one is my scanner and the little ones
are my speakers and modem.H p to là cái máy quét và nh
ững cái h p nh là loa và modem.
Mary: You sure bought a lot of peripherals.B n
ch ắc là ph i mua nhi u thi t b ngo i vi h cơ à.
Jim: Well, I still want to buy a laser jet printer.
IV. Bài t p c ng c
1 Đi n từ vào chỗ tr ng
create, publish, become, be, come out, give, develop, have, find, test, offer, take. The PostScript language 1…………in the early 1980s as a page description language for
printers and photosetters. It was Adobe Systems, Inc. that 2………………the PostScript
Unit 3: Charateristics of computer
27
language and developed Illustrator, the first program that 3……………………..: advantage of the full range of graphic possibilities 4……..by PostScript. Adobe Systems 5………….also
the suppliers of fonts for use with PostScript-based printers.
The language was documented in The PostScript Language Reference Manual, 6…………by Addison-Wesley in 1985. PostScript soon 7………………….widely used by
DTP publishers and graphic designers. In 1990 PostScript level 2 8……………, which incorporated new features such as ATM technology, composite fonts, image compression and
other details.
When some experts 9 the performance of different colour printers, they 10……….that every PostScript printer was easy to use and 11
…………..consistently good results, while every non-PostScript printer 12……………problems with output in at least one application.
2 D ch đoạn văn sau sang Tiếng Việt
When buying a hard disk
Hard disks have important advantages over floppy disks: they spin at a higher speed, so you can store and retrieve information much faster than with floppies. They can also hold vast
amounts of information, from 500 MB up to several gigabytes. Apart from this, both types of disks work in the same way. To directly access the necessary information, the readwrite heads of
rigid disks seek the required tracks and sectors, and then transfer the information to the main memory of the computer or to another I form of storage, all of which is done in a few
milliseconds ms.
Bearing in mind that you always need disk storage, it is good sense to ask yourself some vital questions: What size capacity do I need? What speed can I use? What kind of storage device
is the most suitable for my requirements? If you only use word-processing programs, you will need less storage capacity than if you use CAD, sound and animation programs. For most users,
2GB on the hard disk is enough.
Now lets turn our attention to speed. Access times vary from 8 ms to 20 ms. Access time - or seek time - is the time it takes your readwrite heads to find any particular record. You have to
distinguish clearly between seek time e.g. 20 ms and data I transfer rate the average speed required to transmit data from a disk system to the RAM, e.g. at 20 megabits per second.
Remember that the transfer rate also depends on the power of your computer.
When buying a hard disk you should consider the kinds of drive mechanisms and products available. There are internal and external drives which are both fixed hard drives, i.e. rigid disks
sealed into the drive unit, either within or attached to the computer. A third type of hard drive, known as removable, allows information to be recorded on cartridges, which can be removed
and stored offline for security purposes. Popular removable hard disks include Jaz and Zip drives. A Jaz cartridge can store up to 2 GB of data, whereas a Zip drive can store up to 250 MB of data.
Finally, a few words about optical technology: CD-ROMS and CD-Recordable drives have become a reality. However, magnetic hard disks are still preferred for personal data storage,
whereas optical disks are used for recording large amounts of information such as a dictionary or ehcyclopedia.