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Pseudocode is a limited form of English which relies on indenting lines and using keywords to highlight the structure of the algorithm.
It is written in text form which allows it to be easily modified with a word processor. Different standards of psuedocode have been established for different applications. The basic
keywords are grouped together in pairs. Đây cùng là m t d ng dùng Ti ng Anh cùng g ch ngang và mũi tên đ nh n m nh c u trúc
c a m t thu ật toán. Nó đ c vi t d i d ng văn b n đ có th d dàng ch nh sửa bằng b xử lý dữ
li u. Có các lo i Pseudocode khác nhau cho các lo i ng d ng khác. Các nhóm t chính đ c k t
h p thành t ng đôi
FLOWCHARTS Flowcharts are a way of describing algorithms in pictorial form. They are often favoured
since it is easier to follow the structure in a picture than in words; however, it is very easy to draw a flowchart which is complex and difficult to change into programming language.
The basic elements of a flowchart are a set of symbols containing messages and interconnecting lines with arrows: A set of standards for flowcharts has been established for a
number of different applications. The four most commonly used symbols are shown in the following table.
Bi u đ là m t d ng thuật toán dùng hình nh. Nó đ c yêu thích b i vi c dùng hình nh d
dàng h ơn dùng hành văn ; d vẽ tuy nhiên r t khó chuy n m t bi u đ thành ngôn ngữ lập trình.
Các thành ph n c ơ b n c a bi u đ là m t lo t các bi u t ng bao hàm m t thông đi p và
s ự k t h p c a g ch ngang và mũi tên. M t b tiêu chu n các bi u đ đ c xây dựng cho t ng
ng d ng khác nhau.
III. H i tho ại:
Dialogue 1:
Linda: I received an Email today from a friend who lives in New York.
Hôm nay tôi đã nhận đ c m t lá th đi n tử t m t ng i b n s ng New York.
Jim: What did he say?
Anh y đã nói gì?
Linda: Hes happy he can send Email to me on my birthday. He said that the telephone is
too expensive. Anh y r t vui khi có th g
ửi th đi n tử cho tôi vào ngày sinh nhật c a tôi. Anh y nói rằng dùng
đi n tho i là r t đắt.
Jim: Whats he doing now?
Hi n nay anh y làm ngh gì?
Linda: I dont know, but his Email address ends in EDU so maybe he is working at a
university. Tôi c
ũng không bi t, nh ng đ a ch th đi n tử c a anh y có đuôi EDU nên có lẽ anh y đang làm vi c t i m t tr ng đ i h c.
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Dialogue 2:
Mary: Im angry. I emailed Jim twice last week, and he didnt answer.
Tôi r t b ực. Tu n tr c tôi đã gửi th đi n tử cho Jim hai l n mà không th y anh y tr l i.
Linda: He uses a dial-up IP connection to get his mail. Maybe he hasnt picked up his mail
for a while. Anh y dùng ch
đ k t n i m ng qua đi n tho i đ nhận th nên có lẽ anh y v n ch a nh
ận đ c th trong m t th i gian.
Mary: Do you think he got it?
B n ngh ĩ là anh y đã nhận đ c ch a?
Linda: Wait a couple of days and try emailing him again.
Hãy đ i m t vài ngày và thử gửi l i cho anh y.
IV. Bài t p c ng c
1 Chia đ ng từ trong ngoặc
BASIC is a general purpose high-level programming language; originally designed 1 develop………………………. programs in conversational mode. The name BASIC 2
stand………………….….. for Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code. This language is 3 find………….on most microcomputers because it 4be………….. user-
friendly and easy to learn.
BASIC 5 consist of two main parts: the source language statements -the instructions
which form the program -and the system commands which 6 allow................... us to control and edit a program.
BASIC enables the user 7 interact ……………. with the program while it is being
8 execute……………… which means that data can be 9 input…………… while the program is running. Each instruction is 10 give…………. a line number which defines the
logical sequence of statements within the program. Some well-known system commands in BASIC are: RUN, which executes a program 11 hold
……….in a BASIC file; LIST, which prints a listing of a program on the screen; and DELETE, which 12 remove………..a
program from a file.
