Present Continuous Tense Present Perfect Tense

A. Present Continuous Tense

It is used to express a continued or ongoing action at present time. It expresses an action which is in progress at the time of speaking. Positive Sentence • Subject + auxiliary verb + main verb-ing Present participle + object • Subject + amisare + 1st form of verb or base verb + ing + object For examples : I am playing cricket. He is driving a car. They are reading their lesson. You are washing your clothes. She is riding on horse. They are playing football. Negative Sentence • Subject + auxiliary verb + not + main verb-ing Present participle + object • Subject + amisare + not + 1st form of verb + ing + object For examples : I am not playing cricket. He is not driving a car. They are not reading their lessons. You are not washing your clothes. She is not riding on a horse. They are not playing football. It is not raining. Universitas Sumatera Utara Interrogative Sentences • Auxiliary verb + Subject + main verb-ing Present participle + object • Amisare + Subject + 1st form of verb or base verb + ing + object For examples : Am I playing cricket? Is he driving a car? Are they reading their lessons? Are you washing your clothes? Is she riding on a horse? Are they playing football? Is it raining?

B. Present Perfect Tense

It is used to expressed an action which happened or completed in past but usually the action which happened or completed at a short time before now near past not a very long time before now. Specific time such as two years ago, last week or that day is usually not used in the sentences of in this tense. It means that this tense expresses the action whose time when it happened, is not exactly specified but it sounds to refer to some action that happened or completed in near past. Auxiliary verb “has or have” is used in sentence. 3rd form of verb past participle is used as main verb in sentence. The structure of sentence : Positive Sentence • Subject + Auxiliary verb + main verb past participle + Subject • Subject + hashave + 3rd form of verb or past participle + subject For examples : I have eaten meal. She has learnt a lesson. They have gone to school. Universitas Sumatera Utara They have bought a new car. I have started a job. It has rained. The guest have arrived. John has left for home. You have told a lie. Negative Sentence • Subject + Auxiliary verb + NOT + main verb past participle + Subject • Subject + hashave + NOT + 3rd form of verb or past participle + subject For examples : I have not eaten meal. She has not learnt a lesson. They have not bought a new car. I have not started a job. It has not rained. The guests have not arrived. John has not left for home. You have not told a lie. Interrogative Sentences • Auxiliary verb + Subject + main verb past participle + Subject • Hashave + Subject + 3rd form of verb or past participle + subject For examples : Have I eaten meal? Has she learnt a lesson? Have they bought a new car? Have I started a job? Has it rained? Universitas Sumatera Utara Have the guests arrived? Has John left for home? Have you told a lie? C . Present Perfect Continuous tense It is used to express a continued or ongoing action that started in past and is continued until now. There will be a time reference, Positive Sentence. • Subject + Auxiliary verb + main verb Present participle + Object + Time reference • Subject + has beenhave been + 1st form of verb or base verb + ing + object + time reference For examples : He has been watering the plants for two hours. I have been studying since 3 O’clock I have been living in America since 2003. He has been playing cricket for two hours. They have been watching television since 6 O’clock. She has been working in this office since 2007. Negative Sentence. • Subject +”Not” between the Auxiliary verb + main verb present participle + Object + Time reference • Subject + has not beenhave not been + 1st form of verb or base verb + ing + object + time reference To make negative sentence, the word “not” is written between the auxiliary verbs, so it becomes like “has not been or have not been”. The rule for using auxiliary verb “has been or have been” in negative sentences is as same as mentioned above. Foe examples : He has not been watering the plants for two hours. I have not been studying since 3 O’clock. I have not been living in America since 2003. He has not been playing cricket for two hours. Universitas Sumatera Utara They have not been watching television since 6 O’clock. She has not been working in this office since 2007. Interrogative Sentence. • Auxiliary verb + Subject + Auxiliary verb + main verb present participle + object + time reference • Hashave + Subject + been + 1st form of verb or base verb+ing + object + time reference Interrogative sentence starts with auxiliary verb. If the subject is “He, She, It, singular or proper name” then the sentence starts with auxiliary verb “has” and auxiliary verb “been” is used after subject . If subject is “You, They or plural” then the sentence starts with auxiliary verb “have” and “been” is used after subject. For example : Has he been watering the plants for two hours? Have I been studying since 3 O’clock? Have I been living in America since 2003? Has he been playing cricket for two hours. Have they been watching television since 6 O’clock? Has she been working in this office since 2007? Universitas Sumatera Utara

4.1.2 Fi’il Mudhori’