Contrastive analysis became increasingly popular after appearing works of Lado 1959, entitled A Cross Culture linguistics who elaborated on ways to contrast the two
languages. The book contains descriptions analysis between English to Spanish, to supplement other examples of Chinese, Thailand and so on.
3.2 Data and Source of Data
Before this study, the writer have found and determine the object to be studied. Because this is the first step in carrying out a research.
The object of discussion in this thesis is the sentence structure in English and Arabic in term of tenses and data were collected from books and records that have anything to do
with the problems understand. The data used in this study distinguished on two namely: 1.
Data of English language 1
Junaidi Suryadi, S.Pd, Complete English 2
Kusnadi , Moh .2011.Complete English Grammar. Surabaya: Bintang usaha jaya
3 Werner . 2007. Mosaic 1 Grammar . singapore: Mc.Graw- Hill
4 Wren And Martin.1990. High School English Grammar and
Composition.
2. Data of Arabic language
1. Mhd, syekh. Alkawakibud Durriyah Syaraf Mutammimatul Ajjurmiyah. Beirut-
Lebanon: Muassasah Al-kutubAts-tasqofiyah. Page 29-38 2.
Syaikh Musthafa A lghulayaini, Pelajaran Bahasa Arab Lengkap terjemah Jami’ud Duruusil ArabiyyahJilid I Semarang: CV. AsySyifa, 1991 page. 21
3. Ahmad, SyekhAsy. Syazal ‘ArffannasSharaf. Kairo-Mesir: DarutTaufiqiyah Lit-
Turats. Page 16 and 20-22
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3.3 Data Collecting Method
The method that is used in collecting the data is documentation method since the data source is written source. Nawawi 1991:133 states that documentation method is a
technique of collecting data by categorizing and classifying the written document that has relation with the problem discussed whether from any grammar book and grammar
Arabic book.
3.4 Techniques of Data Analysis
In writing this thesis, the systematic techniques that are used in conducting the analysis are as follows :
a. Collecting the data
b. Selecting the data
c. Classifying the data
d. Analyzing the data
e. Concluding the analyzing
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CHPTER IV ANALYSIS AND FINDING
4. Analysis
English verb have five basic forms, the base form are the “s” form, the “ing” form, the “past form, and the participle form, while in Arabic form, we need to extract the stem
from the verb infinitive, used as al-an, saufa, and sa. Bellow are the examples of does language:
4.1.1 Present tense
It is used to express an action in present time, habitual or usual actions or daily event or universal fact. It is used to express an action in present time which is usually
done on a regular basis. Positive Sentences
• Subject + Main verb + Object • Subject + 1st form of verb or base verb + Object
I write a letter. He gets up early in the morning.
Negative Sentences • Subject + auxiliary verb +NOT + Main verb +object
• Subject + Do notDoes not + 1st form of verb or base form + object for examples:
I do not write a letter. He does not get up early in the morning.
Interrogative Sentence • Auxiliary verb + Subject + Main verb + Object
• DoDoes + Subject + 1st for of verb or base verb + Object For examples :
Do I write a letter? Does he get up early in the morning?
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A. Present Continuous Tense
It is used to express a continued or ongoing action at present time. It expresses an action which is in progress at the time of speaking.
Positive Sentence
• Subject + auxiliary verb + main verb-ing Present participle + object • Subject + amisare + 1st form of verb or base verb + ing + object
For examples : I am playing cricket.
He is driving a car. They are reading their lesson.
You are washing your clothes. She is riding on horse.
They are playing football.
Negative Sentence
• Subject + auxiliary verb + not + main verb-ing Present participle + object • Subject + amisare + not + 1st form of verb + ing + object
For examples : I am not playing cricket.
He is not driving a car. They are not reading their lessons.
You are not washing your clothes. She is not riding on a horse.
They are not playing football. It is not raining.
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Interrogative Sentences
• Auxiliary verb + Subject + main verb-ing Present participle + object • Amisare + Subject + 1st form of verb or base verb + ing + object
For examples : Am I playing cricket?
Is he driving a car? Are they reading their lessons?
Are you washing your clothes? Is she riding on a horse?
Are they playing football? Is it raining?
B. Present Perfect Tense
It is used to expressed an action which happened or completed in past but usually the action which happened or completed at a short time before now near past not a very
long time before now. Specific time such as two years ago, last week or that day is usually not used in the sentences of in this tense. It means that this tense expresses the
action whose time when it happened, is not exactly specified but it sounds to refer to some action that happened or completed in near past. Auxiliary verb “has or have” is used
in sentence. 3rd form of verb past participle is used as main verb in sentence. The structure of sentence :
Positive Sentence
• Subject + Auxiliary verb + main verb past participle + Subject • Subject + hashave + 3rd form of verb or past participle + subject
For examples : I have eaten meal.
She has learnt a lesson. They have gone to school.
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They have bought a new car. I have started a job.
It has rained. The guest have arrived.
John has left for home. You have told a lie.
Negative Sentence
• Subject + Auxiliary verb + NOT + main verb past participle + Subject • Subject + hashave + NOT + 3rd form of verb or past participle + subject
For examples : I have not eaten meal.
She has not learnt a lesson. They have not bought a new car.
I have not started a job. It has not rained.
The guests have not arrived. John has not left for home.
You have not told a lie.
Interrogative Sentences
• Auxiliary verb + Subject + main verb past participle + Subject • Hashave + Subject + 3rd form of verb or past participle + subject
For examples : Have I eaten meal?
Has she learnt a lesson? Have they bought a new car?
Have I started a job? Has it rained?
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Have the guests arrived? Has John left for home?
Have you told a lie?
C . Present Perfect Continuous tense
It is used to express a continued or ongoing action that started in past and is continued until now. There will be a time reference,
Positive Sentence.
• Subject + Auxiliary verb + main verb Present participle + Object + Time reference • Subject + has beenhave been + 1st form of verb or base verb + ing + object + time
reference For examples :
He has been watering the plants for two hours. I have been studying since 3 O’clock
I have been living in America since 2003. He has been playing cricket for two hours.
They have been watching television since 6 O’clock. She has been working in this office since 2007.
Negative Sentence.
• Subject +”Not” between the Auxiliary verb + main verb present participle + Object + Time reference
• Subject + has not beenhave not been + 1st form of verb or base verb + ing + object + time reference
To make negative sentence, the word “not” is written between the auxiliary verbs, so it becomes like “has not been or have not been”. The rule for using auxiliary verb “has
been or have been” in negative sentences is as same as mentioned above. Foe examples : He has not been watering the plants for two hours.
I have not been studying since 3 O’clock. I have not been living in America since 2003.
He has not been playing cricket for two hours.
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They have not been watching television since 6 O’clock. She has not been working in this office since 2007.
Interrogative Sentence.
• Auxiliary verb + Subject + Auxiliary verb + main verb present participle + object + time reference
• Hashave + Subject + been + 1st form of verb or base verb+ing + object + time reference
Interrogative sentence starts with auxiliary verb. If the subject is “He, She, It, singular or proper name” then the sentence starts with auxiliary verb “has” and auxiliary
verb “been” is used after subject . If subject is “You, They or plural” then the sentence starts with auxiliary verb
“have” and “been” is used after subject. For example : Has he been watering the plants for two hours?
Have I been studying since 3 O’clock? Have I been living in America since 2003?
Has he been playing cricket for two hours. Have they been watching television since 6 O’clock?
Has she been working in this office since 2007?
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4.1.2 Fi’il Mudhori’
In Arabic, fi’l al-mudaari’ the presentfuture-tense verb can represent either the present or the future tenses verb.
For example: َﻱﺎَﺸﻟﺍ ُبُﺮﺷَﺃ
Does this mean “I am drinking tea” or “I will drink tea” If you can see the person, no problem you can tell if they’re drinking tea or not right now. As it turns out, you can
explicitly specify that the verb is present- or future-tense. Let’s go by example. َﻱﺎَﺸﻟﺍ ُبُﺮﺷَﺃ
If we want to make it present-tense, we say:
َﻱﺎَﺸﻟﺍ ُبُﺮﺷَﺃ َﻥﻻﺍ
The addition of al-aana َﻥﻻﺍ means “now”; so you can translate this sentence as: “I am
drinking tea right now.” Which makes it present-tense, Notice you could not say “I will drink tea right now” it doesn’t make sense, So al-aana removes the ambiguity and makes
it present-tense. What about future tense, There are two ways you can achieve this:
1. By the addition of the letter sa:
َﻱﺎَﺸﻟﺍ ُبُﺮﺷَﺃ َﺱ
The addition of seen makes it future tense; so you can translate as “I will drink tea.”
2. By the addition of the word sawfa:
ُﺮﺷَﺃ َﻱﺎَﺸﻟﺍ ُب َﻑﻮَﺳ
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The addition of sawfa makes it future tense; so you can translate as “I will drink tea.”
Both are equivalent, seen and sawfa, there’s no difference in the meaning. Also, unlike al- aana, you do not explicitly translate the seen or sawfa into a word. Mudaari’ verbs can be
present-tense or future tense; you can explicitly specify it as present-tense by adding al- aana or future-tense by adding sen or sawfa.
Bellow are the comparison English Present tense
Arabic present tense
I write a letter aktubu arrisalata
I do not write a letter la aktubu arrisalata
Do I write a letter? Hal aktubu arrisalata?
I am writing letter al an aktubu arrisalata
If the subject is “ he, she, it, singular or proper noun does not is used after subject in sentence. If the subject is “ I , we, they you “ do not is used after subject. While in Arabic
language la used for all subject, then la put in the first sentence before subject. When in interrogative sentence we used hal. When we talk about present continuous tense if the
subject is “I “ the auxiliary verb “am” is used after subject in sentence, but if the subject is “ he, she it, singular or proper noun the auxiliary verb “is” used after subject, while if
the subject is “you, they we ” we used “are” While in Arabic language we just add al-an . for examples:
English Arabic
I am going to school al an azhabu ila madrosati
We are reading a book al an nakrou alkitaba
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4.1.3 Past Tense
It is used to express an action that happened or completed in past, usually a very little time before speaking, or action which is just completed. Time of action is not specified in
terms of long time ago or short ago but it make a sense that the action has done a little time ago.
Positive Sentence
• Subject + main verb past simple + object • Subject + 2nd form of verb past simple + object
for examples : I killed a snake
He ate a mango They went to cinema.
She wrote a letter to him
Negative sentences
• Subject + auxiliary verb + not main verb base form + object • Subject + did not + 1st form of verb or base form + object
In negative sentence “did not” is written and the 1st form of verb base verb is used instead of using 2nd form or past simple verb. For examples :
I did not kill a snake He did not eat a mango
They did not go to cinema. She did not write a letter to him.
I did not make a table. You did not answer correctly
Interrogative sentences
• Auxiliary verb + subject + main verb base verb + object • Did + subject + 1st form of verb or base verb + object
Interrogative sentence starts with “did” and the 1st form of verb base verb is used
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instead of using 2nd form or past simple verb. For example : Did I kill a snake?
Did he eat a mango? Did they go to cinema?
Did she write a letter to him? Did I make a table?
Did you answer correctly?
A. Past Continuous Tense
It is used to express a continued or ongoing action in past, an ongoing action which occurred in past and completed at some point in past. It expresses an ongoing nature of an
action in past. :
Positive sentences
• Subject + auxiliary verb + Main Verb present participle + object • Subject + waswere + 1st form of verb or base verb +ing +object
If the subject is “he, she, It, I, singular or proper noun” then auxiliary verb “was” is used. If subject is “you, we, they or plural” then auxiliary verb “were” is used. For examples :
She was crying yesterday. They were climbing on a hill.
He was taking exam last month You waiting for him yesterday
She was working in a factory. It was raining yesterday
Negative sentences
• Subject + auxiliary verb + NOT + Main verb present participle + object • Subject + waswere + NOT + 1st form of verb or base verb +ing +object
Rules for using auxiliary verb after subject are same as mentioned above. For examples: She was not crying yesterday.
They were not climbing on a hill He was not taking exam last month
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You were not waiting for him yesterday She was not working in a factory.
It was not raining yesterday.
Interrogative sentences
• Auxiliary verb + Subject + Main verb present participle + object • Waswere + Subject + 1st form of verb or base verb +ing +object
The interrogative sentence starts with the auxiliary verb. If the subject is “he, she, It, I, singular or proper noun” then the sentence starts with auxiliary verb “was”. If subject is
“you, we, they or plural” then the sentence starts with auxiliary verb “were”. For examples :
Was she crying yesterday? Were they climbing on a hill?
Was he taking exam last month? Were you waiting for him yesterday?
Was she working in a factory? Was it raining yesterday?
B. Past perfect tense
It is used to express an action which has occurred in past usually, a long time ago and action which has occurred in past before another action in past.
Positive sentence
• Subject + auxiliary verb + main verb past participle + object
• Subject + had + 3rd form of verb or past participle + object
for examples : He had taken the exam last year
A thief had stolen my watch He had slept.
I had finished my work last year. It had rained heavily last month.
The film had started before we reached cinema.
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Negative sentence
• Subject + auxiliary verb + NOT + main verb past participle + object •Subject + had + not + 3rd form of verb or past participle + object
“Not” is written after auxiliary verb in negative sentence. For examples : He had not taken the exam last year
A thief had not stolen my watch.
Interrogative sentence
• Auxiliary verb + subject + main verb past participle + object • Had + subject + 3rd form of verb or past participle + object
Interrogative sentence starts with auxiliary verb “had” for examples : Had he taken the exam last year
Had a thief stolen my watch? Had he slept?
Had I finished my work last year? Had it rained heavily last month?
Had the film started before we reached cinema C.
Past Perfect continuous tense
It is used to express a continued or ongoing action that started in past and continued until sometime in past.
Positive Sentence.
• Subject + Auxiliary verb + main verb Present participle + Object + Time reference • Subject + had been + 1st form of verb or base verb + ing + object + time reference
for examples : I had been waiting for him for one hour.
She had been playing chess since 7 O’clock. He had been playing cricket for two hours.
They had been watching television since 6 O’clock. She had been working in this office since 2007.
It had been raining for three days.
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Negative Sentence.
• Subject +”Not” between the Auxiliary verbs + main verb present participle + Object + Time reference
• Subject + had not been + 1st form of verb or base verb + ing + object + time reference
To make negative sentence, the word “not” is added inside auxiliary verb, so it becomes “had not been”. For examples :
I had not been waiting for him for one hour She had not been playing chess since 7 o, clock
He had not been playing cricket for two hours They had not been watching television since 2007
She had not been working in this office since 2009 It had not been raining for three days
Interrogative Sentence.
• Auxiliary verb+ Subject + Auxiliary verb + main verb present participle + object + time reference
• Had + Subject + been + 1st form of verb or base verb+ing + object + time reference Interrogative sentence starts with auxiliary verb “had” and auxiliary verb “been” is used after
subject in sentence. For examples : Had I been waiting for him for one hour?
Had she been playing chess 7 O’clock ? Had he been playing cricket for two hours.
Had they been watching television since 6 O’clock? Had she been working in this office since 2007?
Had it been raining for three days
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4.1.4 Fi’il Madhi
Fi’il Madhi is a verb to the past, which have been meaning to do something, for example: jalasa, qoma, faala
Bellow are the comparison English past tense
Arabic past tense I went to school
zahabtu ila madrosati I did not go to school
ma zahabtu ila madrosati Did I go to school?
Hal zahabtu ila madrosati? I was writing a letter
In the past tense the verb that we used participle verb,
4.1. 5.
Future Tense
It is used to express an action which has not occurred yet and will occur after saying or in future:
Positive sentence
• Subject + auxiliary verb + main verb present participle + object
•Subject + will + 1st form of verb or base form +ing + object
For examples : I will buy a computer tomorrow.
They will come here. He will start a business. She will send me a letter.
I will give you a pen tomorrow Students will take exams at the end of semester.
They will buy a new car. The Pattern of exam will change next year.
Negative sentence
• Subject + auxiliary verb+ not + main verb present participle + object
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• Subject + will +not + 1st form of verb or base form +ing + object To make negative sentence “not” is written after auxiliary verb in sentence. For
examples : I will not buy a computer tomorrow.
They will not come here . He will not start a business. She will not send me a letter.
I will not give you a pen tomorrow Students will not take exams at the end of semester.
They will not buy a new car. The pattern of exam will not change next year
Interrogative sentence
• Auxiliary verb + subject + main verb present participle + object • Will + subject + 1st form of verb or base form +ing + object
Interrogative sentence starts with auxiliary verb “will”. For examples : Will I buy a computer tomorrow?
Will they come here? Will he start a business? Will she send me a letter?
Will I give you a pen tomorrow? Will students take exams at the end of semester?
Will they buy a new car? Will the Pattern of exam change next year?
A .Future Continuous Tense
It is used to express a continued or an ongoing action in future.
Positive sentence
• Subject + auxiliary verb + main verb present participle + object
• Subject + will be+ 1st form of verb or base form+ing present participle + object
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For examples : We will be shifting to a new home next year.
He will be flying a kite. It will be raining tomorrow.
She will be enjoying her vacations. He will be expecting honesty from his employees.
She will be delivering a speech to people.
Negative sentence
• Subject + not between auxiliary verbs+ not + main verb present participle object
• Subject + will not be + 1st form of verb or base form+ing present participle + object
To make negative sentence “not” is written between auxiliary verbs “will and be” in
sentence. For examples :
We will not be shifting to a new home next year. He will not be flying a kite.
It will not be raining tomorrow. She will not be enjoying her vacations.
He will not be expecting honesty from his employees. She will not be delivering a speech to people.
Interrogative sentence
• Auxiliary verb + subject + auxiliary verb + main verb present participle + object • Will + subject + be+ 1st form of verb or base form+ing present participle + object
Interrogative sentence starts with auxiliary verb “will” and auxiliary verb “be” comes
after subject in interrogative sentence. For examples :
Will we be shifting to a new home next year? Will he be flying a kite?
Will it be raining tomorrow? Will she be enjoying her vacations?
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Will he be expecting honesty from his employees? Will she be delivering a speech to people?
B . Future Perfect Tense
It is used to express an action which will occur in future and is thought to be completed in future. It expresses a sense of completion of an action which will occur in
future.
Positive sentence
• Subject + auxiliary verb + main verb past participle + object
• Subject + will have + 3rd form of verb or past participle + object
For examples : She will have finished the work by Wednesday.
I will have left for home by the time he gets up. You will have started a job.
You will have made a new chair. She will have decorated her home.
I will have bought a computer. They will have shifted to a new home.
Students will have passed the examination
Negative sentence
• Subject + Not between auxiliary verbs + main verb past participle + object • Subject + will not have + 3rd form of verb or past participle + object
For examples : She will have finished the work by Wednesday.
I will have left for home by the time he gets up. You will not have started a job. He will not have finished his work.
You will not have made a new chair. She will not have decorated her home.
I will not have bought a computer.
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They will not have shifted to a new home. Students will not have passed the examination
Interrogative sentence
• Auxiliary verb + Subject + auxiliary verb + main verb past participle + object
• Will + Subject +have + 3rd form of verb or past participle + object
For examples : Will she have finished the work by Wednesday?
Will I have left for home by the time he gets up? Will you have started a job? Will he have finished his work?
Will you have made a new chair? Will she have decorated her home?
Will I have bought a computer? Will they have shifted to a new home?
Will students have passed the examination?
D. Future Perfect Continuous Tense
It is used to express a continued or ongoing action that will start in future and is thought to be continued till sometime in future.
Positive Sentence.
• Subject + Auxiliary verb + main verb Present participle + Object + Time reference •Subject + will have been + 1st form of verb or base verb + ing + object + time
reference
For examples :. I will have been living in America since 2003.
He will have been playing cricket for two hours. They will have been watching television since 6 O’clock.
She will been working in this office since 2007. It will have been raining for three days.
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Negative Sentence.
• Subject +”Not” inside Auxiliary verbs + main verb present participle + Object + Time reference
• Subject + will not have been + 1st form of verb or base verb + ing + object +
Time reference
To make negative sentence, the word “not” is added inside auxiliary verb, so it becomes “will not have been”. For examples :
I will not have been living in America since 2003. He will not have been playing cricket for two hours.
They will not have been watching television since 6 O’clock? She will have been working in this office since 2007.
It will not have been raining for three days.
Interrogative Sentence.
• Auxiliary verb + Subject + auxiliary verb + main verb present participle + object + time reference
• Will + Subject + have been + 1st form of verb or base verb+ing + object + time reference
Interrogative sentence starts with auxiliary verb “will” and auxiliary verb “have been” is used after subject in sentence. For examples :
Will I have been waiting for him for one hour? Will she have been playing football since 2015?
Will he have been playing cricket for two hours. Will they have been watching television since 6 O’clock?
Will she have been working in this office since 2007? Will it have been raining for three days
Fi’il Mudhari known to be the future when entered by sa and saufa. For examples:
Sayaktubu arrisalata → sa – yaktubu – arrisalata
Sayazhabu ila jami ah → sa- yazhabu –
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Ila- jami ah Saupa a’kulu
→ saupa -a’kulu Saupa arji’
→ saupa- arji’ English future tense
Arabic future tense I will write a letter
saufa aktubu arrisalata I will not write a letter
saufa la aktubu arrisalata Will I write a letter?
In Arabic language when we want make sentence be a future tense adding sa letter or saufa letter.
4.2 Comparison
