1. Descriptive Linguistic traditional grammar
2. Descriptive structure linguistic
3. Generative transformation Grammar
4. Functional Grammar
From the theory above, functional grammar is suitable to be used to analyze the two language compared, because it concerns with the description understanding linguistic
processes and structure. Functional grammar and functional discourse grammar are grammar models and
theories motivated by functional theories of grammar. These theories explain how linguistic utterances are shaped, based on the goals and knowledge of natural language
users. In doing so. Functional discourse grammar has been developed as a successor to functional grammar, attempting to be more psychologically and pragmatically adequate
than functional grammar. There are some reason why the writer is interested in discussing about this topic. first,
to facilitate students to understand the language lessons, to facilitate the Arabic language learners understand the English language, to facilitate the teacher teach English in Arabic
language learners.
1.2 Problem of the Analysis
The problem of study is an important thing for the thesis in order that the researcher will not get lost in discussing the main topic of the thesis. Based on the background
above, the problems of the study of this thesis are formed as bellow: 1.
What are the correspondences found in English and Arabic tenses? 2.
What are the non correspondence found in English and Arabic tenses?
1.3 Objective of the analysis
The objective of this research is to improve the student’s knowledge about contrastive, discussed about contrastive, there are many types of it. As stated at the
problems of the study above, below are the objective of the study to answer the problems of the analysis namely :
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1. To compare the similarities between English and Arabic language in tenses
2. To compare the differences between English and Arabic language in tenses
1.4 Scope of the Analysis
The writer has carried out a contrastive study between English and Arabic Tenses. There are some tenses in English and Arabic, the writer limit the study on the similarities
and differences between this two language, The tenses that would be discussed on this paper namely; present tenses, past tenses, future tenses in English and fi’ilmadhi,
fi’ilmudhori’ in Arabic language.
1.5 Significance of the Analysis
From this study, this analysis hopefully give contribution in developing the linguistics study especially about contrastive. This study hopefully could give aworth significance
such as :
1. To attract readers to learn the second language and provide insight into the similarities
and differences between first and second language to be studied
2. To give an inspiration for the readers who are interested in learning foreign languages
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CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1 A Brief Description of Contrastive Analysis
Some people may regard contrastive linguistics and contrastive analysis are synonymous or interchangeable terms. But they are different. Contrastive analysis is
focused on finding the similarities and differences of sub-system of language compared. The interest in contrastive analysis is the linguistic nature of both language compared
without relating the similarities and differences to the speaker in the process of analysis. While error analysis focused on the effect of the first language of a speaker when heshe
tries to learn second language especially toward hisher first language. So, the learner may compared hisher first language and the second language explicitly or implicitly in
the process of learning. Interferences analysis focused on the interacting of both language compared when language on how much first language is interacted with the second
language and how much the second language is interacted with the first language when she he speaks the first language. From the description above, it can be clearly seem that
three ways in contrastive linguistics are differences. Contrastive analysis attempts to analyze the correspondences of languages
compared especially the aspect of language concerned. In conducting contrastive analysis, there must be at least two languages that are going to be compared. the language
compared is called language in contact. The first language is called source language, and the second language is called target language. In this analysis, the aspect of language to
compare is the tenses between English language and Arabic language. And English language is the source language Arabic language is the target language.
There are some definition of contrastive analysis based on linguists below : According to Hartman and Stock 1972:43 the words comparative and contrastive
have similarity. They compare two or more language or a branch of linguistic. Which compares two or more languages. Two languages that are compared in this study are
English and Arabic language.
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Further more , Richards 1994 : 63 have stated that contrastive analysis is the comparison of the linguistic system of two languages, for example the sound system or
the grammatical system. It is understood that the contrastive study refers to the research that is aimed at
finding out the similarities or differences of any idea. The main purpose of this study is to contras the tenses in English and Arabic language.
2.2 A Brief History of English
