He will have been playing cricket for two hour Conditional Past Future Tense
- Conditional Future Past tense Past Simple Future Tense is used to express the events that will occur in the past not the
present, the inverse of the simple future tense. - Conditional Future Past Continuous tense
We use Future Past Continuous or Past Progressive Future tense English to tell an action that will occur in the past was for that was going on today called Future Continuous
Tense. - Conditional Future Past Perfect tense
Past Tense Future Perfect used to express action that will have been completed in the past please compare the difference with Future Perfect Tense.
- Conditional Future Past Perfect Continuous tense English past tense is used to express the events that would have been taking place in the
past. Past future perfect continuous tense in common with the future perfect continuous tense.
4.1.3 Description of Tenses In Arabic
In Arabic, the verb is called al-fi’il. According to Al ghulayaini, Fi’il is a sentence that shows the meaning by it self. The main tenses in Arabic are the past tense fi’il
madhi and the present tense fi’il mudhari’ , the future tense in classical Arabic is formed by adding either the prefix sa or the separate word saufa onto the beginning of the
present tense verb, for examples : sa-yaktubu or saufa yaktubu means he will write. In some contexts, the tenses represent aspectual distinctions rather than tense
distinctions. The usage of Arabic tenses is as follows : • The past tense often specifically has the meaning of a past perfective. It
expresses the concept of ‘ he did ‘ as opposed ‘he was doing’ . the letter can be expressed using the combination of the past tense of the verb kana ‘to be ‘
with the present tense or active participle. For example : kana yaktu or kana katibun means he was writing .
• The two tenses can be used to express relative tense when following other verbs in a serial verb construction. In such a construction, the present tense
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indicates time simultaneous with the main verb, while the past tense indicates time prior to the main verb.
Both fi’il madhi and fi’il mudhari’ constantly change it shape according to the type of fa’il dhamir or subject. For fi’il madhi the shape changes occurat the end of the word,
while for fi’il mudhari’ it’s shape changes occurat the beginning of the word and at the end of the word. For examples :
DhamirEnglish pronouns
Fi’il Madhy Fi’il Mudhari’
ﺎَﻧَأ
anaa
Meaning
ُﺖْﻠَﻌَـﻓ
fa’altu
ُﻞَﻌْـﻓَأ
af’alu = I work
ُﻦَْﳓ
nahnu
ﺎَﻨْﻠَﻌَـﻓ
fa’alna
ُﻞَﻌْﻔَـﻧ
naf’alu = we work
َﺖْﻧَأ
anta
َﺖْﻠَﻌَـﻓ
fa’alta
ُﻞَﻌْﻔَـﺗ
taf’alu = you male work
ِﺖْﻧَأ
anti
ِﺖْﻠَﻌَـﻓ
fa’alti
َْﲔِﻠَﻌْﻔَـﺗ
taf’aliina = you female work
ﺎَﻤُﺘْـﻧَأ
antumaa
َﻢُﺘْﻠَﻌَـﻓا
fa’altuma
ِنَﻼَﻌْﻔَـﺗ
taf’alaan = youre both working
ْﻢُﺘْـﻧَأ
antum
ْﻢُﺘْﻠَﻌَـﻓ
fa’altum
َـﻧْﻮُﻠَﻋ ْﻒَﺘ
taf’aluna = you’re male work
ﱠُﱳْـﻧَأ
antenna
ﱠُﱳْﻠَﻌَـﻓ
fa’altunna
َﻦْﻠَﻌْﻔَـﺗ
taf’alna = you’re female work
َﻮُﻫ
hua
َﻞَﻌَـﻓ
fa’ala
َﻌْﻔَـﻳ ُﻞ
yaf’alu = he work
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َﻲِﻫ
hua
ْﺖَﻠَﻌَـﻓ
fa’alat
ُﻞَﻌْﻔَـﺗ
taf’alu = she work
ﺎَُﳘ
humaa
َﻼَﻌَـﻓ
fa’alaa
ِنَﻼَﻌْﻔَـﻳ
yaf’alani = they both male work
ﺎَُﳘ
humaa
ﺎَﺘَﻠَﻌَـﻓ
fa’alta
ِنَﻼَﻌْﻔَـﺗ
taf’alani = they both female work
ْﻢُﻫ
hum
َﻌَـﻓاْﻮُﻠ
fa’alauu
َنْﻮُﻠَﻌْﻔَـﻳ
yaf’aluna = they male work
ﱠﻦُﻫ
hunna
َﻦْﻠَﻌَـﻓ
fa’alna
َﻦْﻠَﻌْﻔَـﻳ
yaf’alna = they female work
English Pronouns
Arabic Pronouns Past
Present
I anaa
ﺎَﻧَأ
akaltu
ُﺖْﻠَﻛَأ
aakulu
ُﻞُﻛآ
Thou m anta
َأ َﺖْﻧ
akalta
َﺖْﻠَﻛَأ
takulu
ُﻞُﻛْﺄَﺗ
Thou f anti
ِﺖْﻧَأ
akalti
ِﺖْﻠَﻛَأ
takuliyna
َﲔِﻠُﻛْﺄَﺗ
He huwa
َﻮُﻫ
akala
َﻞَﻛَأ
yakulu
ُﻞُﻛْﺄَﻳ
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She hiya
َﻲِﻫ
akalat
ْﺖَﻠَﻛَأ
takulu
ُﻞُﻛْﺄَﺗ
We nahnu
ُﻦَْﳓ
akalnaa
ﺎَﻨْﻠَﻛَأ
nakulu
ُﻞُﻛْﺄَﻧ
You m antum
ْﻢُﺘْـﻧَأ
akaltum
ْﻢُﺘْﻠَﻛَأ
takuluuna
َنﻮُﻠُﻛْﺄَﺗ
You f antunna
ﱠُﱳْـﻧَأ
akaltunna
ﱠُﱳْﻠَﻛَأ
takulna
َنﻮُﻠُﻛْﺄَﺗ
You two m,f antumaa
ﺎَﻤْﺘْـﻧَأ
akaltumaa
ﺎَﻤُﺘْﻠَﻛَأ
takulaani
ِنَﻼُﻛْﺄَﺗ
They two m humaa
ﺎَُﳘ
akalaa
َﻼَﻛَأ
yakulaani
ِنَﻼُﻛْﺄَﻳ
They two f humaa
ﺎَُﳘ
akalataa
ﺎَﺘَﻠَﻛَأ
takulaani
ِنَﻼُﻛْﺄَﺗ
They m hum
ْﻢُﻫ
akaluu
اﻮُﻠَﻛَأ
yakuluuna
َنﻮُﻠُﻛْﺄَﻳ
They f hunna
ﱠﻦُﻫ
akalna
َﻦْﻠَﻛَأ
yakulna
َﻦْﻠُﻛْﺄَﻳ
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CHAPTER III METHOD OF RESEARCH
3.1 Research Design
In completing this thesis, Contrastive Method is applied as the research method because the analysis tends to contrast two language in terms of English and Arabic
language. According to Naibaho 2006:1 contrastive analysis is the method of analysis whereby the differences and similarities of two or more language or sub-systems
language are made explicit. The purpose of this research is to create a learning atmosphere that is interactive, participative and spark students comprehension abilities.
Therefore, researchers are trying to use the method of contrastive analysis, this study presents a model in which the subject matter by comparing the structure of the mother
tongue in second language, are expected to be identified through the comparison of the differences and similarities between the structure of the native language to the second
language which is expected to facilitate students in learning the English language. Contrastive analysis is often equated with the term linguistic contrastive. Contrastive
linguistics is a branch of linguistics synchronic whose job comparing the two languages so that similarities and differences can be seen both languages. Determination of
contrastive analysis in language teaching is based on the theoretical assumption that: 1.
Language teaching materials is the most effective material that is based on the language descriptionFries, 1945.
2. By contracting the first language with the language to be studied can predict and
describe the patterns that will lead to flaws in the ease of learning the language Lado, 1957.
3. Changes that must occur in a persons behavior that learning a foreign language
can be likened to the difference between the structure of the language and culture of
students with
language and cultural structures tobe studied Valdmans1960,inWardhaugh, 1970
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Contrastive analysis became increasingly popular after appearing works of Lado 1959, entitled A Cross Culture linguistics who elaborated on ways to contrast the two
languages. The book contains descriptions analysis between English to Spanish, to supplement other examples of Chinese, Thailand and so on.
3.2 Data and Source of Data
Before this study, the writer have found and determine the object to be studied. Because this is the first step in carrying out a research.
The object of discussion in this thesis is the sentence structure in English and Arabic in term of tenses and data were collected from books and records that have anything to do
with the problems understand. The data used in this study distinguished on two namely: 1.
Data of English language 1
Junaidi Suryadi, S.Pd, Complete English 2
Kusnadi , Moh .2011.Complete English Grammar. Surabaya: Bintang usaha jaya
3 Werner . 2007. Mosaic 1 Grammar . singapore: Mc.Graw- Hill
4 Wren And Martin.1990. High School English Grammar and
Composition.
2. Data of Arabic language
1. Mhd, syekh. Alkawakibud Durriyah Syaraf Mutammimatul Ajjurmiyah. Beirut-
Lebanon: Muassasah Al-kutubAts-tasqofiyah. Page 29-38 2.
Syaikh Musthafa A lghulayaini, Pelajaran Bahasa Arab Lengkap terjemah Jami’ud Duruusil ArabiyyahJilid I Semarang: CV. AsySyifa, 1991 page. 21
3. Ahmad, SyekhAsy. Syazal ‘ArffannasSharaf. Kairo-Mesir: DarutTaufiqiyah Lit-
Turats. Page 16 and 20-22
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3.3 Data Collecting Method
The method that is used in collecting the data is documentation method since the data source is written source. Nawawi 1991:133 states that documentation method is a
technique of collecting data by categorizing and classifying the written document that has relation with the problem discussed whether from any grammar book and grammar
Arabic book.
3.4 Techniques of Data Analysis
In writing this thesis, the systematic techniques that are used in conducting the analysis are as follows :
a. Collecting the data
b. Selecting the data
c. Classifying the data
d. Analyzing the data
e. Concluding the analyzing
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CHPTER IV ANALYSIS AND FINDING
4. Analysis
