a. Positive Pragmalinguistic Transfer in The Use of Thanking strategy
The evidence of pragmatic transfer in the use of thanking strategy is identified where one alternative of using thanking strategy in responding to every
given situation where gratitude is required as the response —regardless the
assessment of any contextual variables —which becomes a statistically significant
trend of INs is then paralleled by ELs. In every given situation, more than half of INs and ELs use at least one thanking strategy.
457
It confirms what Kasper stated, the evidence of pragmatic transfer is identified when, a statistically significant
trend of NSs of learners‘ L1 toward one alternative is paralleled by a significant trend of learners toward the same alternative in L2 context, reflected by there is a
strategy which is used by more than half of NSs and learners in every situation which draws one alternative which is significantly chosen.
458
1. Type of Pragmatic Transfer
Specifically, it is pragmalinguistic transfer as a result from transferring illocutionarry force which is assigned in L1 linguistic material is found when ELs
transfer their L1-based illocutionary force of expressing gratitude which is assigned in thanking strategy while thanking in L2 contexts. According to Kasper,
pragmalinguistic transfer occurs when learners‘ perception and production of
457
Table 5.1-5.18 INs and ELs Appendix 5
458
Gabriele Kasper 1986, op.cit,. p.223.
strategies to convey illocutionary act in L2 are influenced by illocutionary force or politeness value in linguistic material in L1.
459
For INs, thanking strategy has illocutionary force of expressing gratitude which can be used to convey illocutionary act of thanking to whosoever the favor
givers are and to whatever the favors which is thanked are. Not influenced by any assessment contextual variables, one alternative of using at least one thanking
strategy in expressing gratitude to every beneficial favor which is done by the favor giver becomes the statistically significant trend of INs. Following the
preference of INs toward the same alternative, in every given situation, thanking strategy is used by more than half of ELs in expressing gratitude.
460
Thus, in the present study, similar to INs, ELs also believe that, having illocutionary force of expressing gratitude, thanking strategy is able to be used in
every situation whenever they feel the favor giver did something good which have benefited for ELs as the speakers. Thus, the occurrence of pragmalinguistic
transfer is evident when ELs‘ production of thanking strategy when they express illocutionary act of thanking in L2 contexts are influenced by their L1-based
illocutionary force of expressing gratitude which is assigned in thanking strategy.
2. Manifestation of Pragmatic Transfer
The manifestation of pragmatic transfer which occurs is positive pragmalinguistic transfer. Similar to INs and ELs, AEs also believe that thanking
strategy has illocutionary force of expressing gratitude to whosoever the favor
459
Ibid. p. 209.
460
Table 5.1-5.18 ELs Appendix 5
givers are and to whatever the favors are. In every situation, thanking strategy is used by more than half of AEs.
461
It is clear that the evidence of positive pragmalinguistic transfer is found as a result from ELs transferring their L1-based
illocutionary force of expressing gratitude which is assigned thanking strategy, then, it is positively transferred into L2 contexts since it is matched with the
illocutionary force of thanking strategy which is used by AEs as NSs of L2. The explanation above is in line with what Kasper stated that positive
transfer occurs when L1-based pragmalinguistic or sociopragmatic knowledge which is transferred by language learners is matched to L2 pragmalinguistic or
sociopragmatic knowledge.
462
It also confirms that similar language system between L1 and L2 is a ‗facilitation‘ to language learners, hence, generalization of
L1 pragmatic knowledge is successfully transferred in L2 context.
463
b. Negative Pragmalinguistic Transfer in The Use of Alerter Strategy
The evidence of pragmatic transfer in the use of alerter strategy is identified. One alternative of accompanying thanking strategy by addressing every favor
giver by using at least one alerter strategy which is functioned as address term title or name
—regardless the assessment of any contextual variables—which becomes a statistically significant trend of INs is then paralleled by ELs. In almost
every situation, in accompanying thanking strategy, more than half of INs and ELs use at least one alerter in the subcategory of title or name to address the favor
giver. It confirms what Kasper stated that the evidence of pragmatic transfer is
461
Table 5.1-5.18 AEs Appendix 5
462
Gabriele Kasper 1986, op.cit,. p.212-213.
463
Ahmed Qadoury Abed 2011, op.cit. p. 167.
identified when a statistically significant trend of NSs of learners‘ L1 toward one alternative is paralleled by a significant trend of learners in L2 context.
464
1. Type of Pragmatic Transfer
Specifically, it is pragmalinguistic transfer as a result from ELs transfer their L1-based illocutionary force of showing respect to the favor giver which is
assigned in alerter strategy in the subcategory of title or name in accompanying the use of thanking strategy while thanking in L2 contexts. According to Kasper,
pragmalinguistic transfer occurs when language learners‘ perception and production of strategies to convey illocutionary act in L2 are influenced by
illocutionary force or politeness value in linguistic material in L1.
465
For INs, in accompanying thanking strategy, alerter strategy in the subcategory of title or name which is used to address the favor giver, normally for
drawing the attention of the hearer, eventually has illocutionarry force of showing respect to the favor giver. Not influenced by any assessment of contextual
variables, one alternative of using at least one alerter strategy in the subcategory of title or name in accompanying the use of thanking strategy becomes the
statistically significant trend of INs. Following the preference of INs toward the same alternative, in almost every given situation, thanking strategy is used by
more than half of ELs in expressing gratitude.
466
464
Gabriele Kasper 1986, op.cit,. p.223.
465
Sophia Marmaridou, ―Pragmalinguistics and Sociopragmatics‖ in Neal R Norrick and Wolfram Bublitz., editors, Foundations of Pragmatics Berlin: Mouton De Gruyter. 2011, p. 88.
466
Table 5.2, 5.4-5.5, 5.7-5.10,, 5.12-5.16 and 5.18 ELs Appendix 5
In situation 11 and 17, there are only few INs and ELs who use alerter strategy.
467
In situation 4, different with INs, more than half of ELs never use any alerter strategy.
468
In situation 1, 3 and 6, in acccompanying thanking strategy, there are only half of ELs who use alerter strategy to address the favor giver.
469
In general, not influenced by specific contextual variables, similar to INs, in
accompanying thanking strategy in almost every situation, ELs address everyone who did a beneficial act for them by using at least one title or name. By this fact,
the evidence of pragmalinguistic transfer is clear when ELs‘ production of alerter strategy which is functioned as address term in accompanying thanking strategy
are influenced by their L1-based illocutionary force of showing respect which is assigned in alerter in the subcategory of title or name to accompany thanking
strategy in the expressions of gratitude.
2. Manifestation of Pragmatic Transfer
Kategori