statistically significant differences in the illocutionary forces which are assigned in appreciation and alerter strategies. The detailed explanations are as follow:
a. Similarity in the Use of Thanking Strategy
According to the categorization of expressions of gratitude, thanking in the subcategory by using the word thank; by thanking and stating the favor; and by
thanking and mentioning the imposition are used by AEs and INs. It indicates that, by pragmalinguistic approach, both American English as L1 of AEs and
Indonesian as L1 of INs provide thanking, at any kind of subcategories, as one of strategies which is able to be used by the speakers of both languages to convey
illocutionary act of thanking. Thanking strategy which is used by AEs and INs similarly contains illocutionary force of expressing gratitude which can be used to
show gratitude to whosoever the favor givers are and to whatever the favors are. In every situation, thanking strategy is always used by almost all AEs and
INs in their responses.
412
All given situations are designed to stimulate every participant to express gratitude to the favor giver sinve, in every situation, the
favor giver is situated to do the act which eventually has benefited every participant as the thanker. As Searle argued, thanking strategy or the other speech
acts of thanking will contain illocutionary force of expressing gratitude when they are expressed by speakers who feel that the act done by the hearers have benefited
the speakers.
413
Hence, it is clear that for AEs and INs, thanking strategy can be
412
Table 5.1-5.18 AEs INs Appendix 5
413
Miriam Eisenstein and Jean Bodman 1986, op.cit.. pp.167-168.
used, without any assessment of any contextual variables, in every given situation where expressions of gratitude are required as the responses.
At a glance, one may keep in mind that thanking is universally used by everybody from every language and culture to explicitly express their thanking to
everyone in every situation where gratitude is required. Many studies support this view. Cheng reveals that thanking is the most frequently used strategy by both
Chinese and Americans in every thanking situation.
414
Thanking which is accompanied by a form of intensification becomes the most preferred strategy
which is dominantly used by Norwegians to explicitly express their gratitude, for example tusen takk
‗thousand thanks‘.
415
But, this alternative of use of thanking strategy is not universal. In Japanese culture, although arigatoo is widely known as a word which is equivalent to thank
you as a thanking strategy in English, it does not mean that it is always used by NSs of Japanese in expressing gratitude in every thanking situation.
416
Besides arigatoo, Young and Nakajima-Okano state that gokuroo sama and sumimasen
are commonly used by NSs of Japanese in expressing gratitude: Gokuroo sama is used when the speaker considers the trouble and effort of
the listener, whose service had been expected; Sumimasen when the speaker has troubled the listener by the latter‘s performance of some service which
had not been expected; and Arigatoo when no such consideration is taken of the listener‘s trouble and only pure, genuine thanks are being expressed by
the speaker.
417
414
Stephanie Weijung Cheng 2005, op.cit. pp.61-63.
415
Stine Hulleberg Johansen 2008, op.cit. p.75.
416
Shawn M. Clankie 1993, op.cit. p. 44.
417
Ibid. p. 44.
The Japanese sumimasen is equivalent to I’m sorry in English.
418
Eisenstein and Bodman proves that in responding to the unexpected offer of salary increase
which is stated by a Vice-President of a company, a Japanese participant, without using arigatoo o
r any other thanking strategy, expresses gratitude by saying: ―I‘m sorry. I will try harder in the future.‖
419
It indicates that, in Japanese culture, the usage and use of Japanese arigatoo as a thanking strategy which is equivalent to
thank you in English entirely depends on the contexts of the favor being thanked. This fact proves that a believe that considers thanking is able to be used by
everybody to explicitly express thanking to everyone in every situation where gratitude is appropriately expressed is eventually language-specific and non-
universal alternative use of thanking. By this fact, in the present study, positive pragmalinguistic transfer which is made by EL still may potentially occur.
b. Difference in the Use of Appreciation Strategy
