b. Sociopragmatic Transfer
According to Leech, sociopragmatic is ‗the sociological interface of pragmatics‘.
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In 1992, Kasper also applied sociopragmatics as a main locus and methodological approach of pragmatic transfer. According to Kasper,
‗sociopragmatics‘ refers to speakers‘ perception and perfomance of linguistic action which is underlied by culturally based social perception.
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As quoted by Chang, Ha
rlow states that sociopragmatic competence is an ability to ―vary speech-act strategies according to the situational or social variables in the act of
communication‖.
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Either pragmalinguistic or sociopramatic judgment eventually has to be involved in an utterance in order to be pragmatically successful.
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But, in L2 use, different social perceptions which vary across cultures and languages may lead language learners to apply their L1 social perception in
expressing linguistic action in L2 contexts. This condition, then, is called as sociopragmatic transfer. Kasper states that, in pragmatic transfer, sociopragmatic
transfer occurs when language learners‘ assessment which is equivalent to the social perceptions in their L1 contexts underlies and influences their social
perception in interpreting and performing linguistic action in L2.
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Eisenstein and Bodman report the occurrences of sociopragmatic transfer.
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In responding to new boss‘ offer of salary increase, NSs of American English mostly take reticence as appropriate way to be modest while expressing their
58
Geoffrey N. Leech 1983, op.cit. p.10.
59
Gabriele Kasper 1992, op.cit. p. 209.
60
Yuh-Fah Chang, ―Interlanguage Pragmatic Development: The relation between pragmalinguistic
competence and sociopragmatic competence, ‖Language Sciences, vol. 33, Elsevier, 2011 p. 787.
61
Jenny Thomas 1983, loc.cit., pp. 103-104
62
Gabriele Kasper 1992, op.cit. pp. 209-210.
63
Gabriele Kasper and Shosana Blum-Kulka 1993, op.cit. p. 10.
gratitude to their boss who eventually is situated to have large social distance and higher social power.
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In contrast, in responding to similar situation, some Chinese and Japanese NNSs of English prefer to express some thanking strategies
as appropriate ways in their cultures to say thanks to their boss over the offer of salary increase. One Chinese NNSs of English expresses gratitude by showing
felling of undeserving the raise and promise to do self-improvement after using thanking: ―Thank you very much. But I think I have not done so well to get a
raise. Anyway, Id try to do better .‖
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3. Manifestations of Pragmatic Transfer
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