required to recognize which their L1-based pragmalinguistic or sociopragmatic
knowledge which is transferable to L2 contexts.
F. Research Methodology 1. Method
The data of the present study are expressions of gratitude which are made by native speakers of American English, native speakers of Indonesian and
Indonesian learners of English. It is textual data which is elicited by DCT. Therefore, the qualitative method is used. As Dornyei stated, a study which uses
qualitative method is a study which employs data collection procedures which elicit open-ended and non-numerical data; and, mainly uses non-statistical
methods to analyze the data.
9
2. Instrument of the Study
The instrument of the present study is DCT. There are English and Indonesian versions of the DCT. Native speakers of American English and
Indonesian learners of English are given the DCT in English version, while native speakers of Indonesian are given the DCT in Indonesian version. In the present
study, DCT has 18 open-ended situations which vary according to social status, ranking of imposition and familiarity. Almost all situations are adapted from some
situations in DCTs which were previously distributed by Eisenstein and Bodman in 1986, Hinkel in 1992, and Cheng in 2005. In the DCT, before and after every
9
Zoltan Dornyei, Research Methods in Applied Linguistics: Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Methodologies New York: Oxford University Press, 2007, p. 24.
participant is asked to respond every given situation, some questions which are related to the background information of every participant are provided.
3. Participants of the Study
In the present study, a total of 30 participants are recruited. Participants are divided into three groups: AEs as the NSs of American English, INs as NSs of
Indonesian and ELs as Indonesian learners of English. They are early-adult with 20-29 years old. In the present study, all situations in the DCT relate to university
atmosphere. Hence, all recruited participants, at the time of data collection, are university students or graduated university students who are studying or studied in
a university. 10 AEs are American-born university students and graduated university students who live in the US. Then, 10 INs are Indonesian-born
university students or graduated university students who live in Indonesia. Every participant of both groups of NSs speaks hisher L1 at home and in daily activity.
ELs have, at least, Indonesian as their L1. They are Indonesian born university students who have lived in the US for at least a year. They are categorized as
advanced learners of English with, at least, 90 for iBT TOEFL score.
4. Data Analysis
