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Evaluation
Support Services
Teaching Learning
Activities, Resources
Pre- Assessment
Subject Contents
Learning Objectives
Learner Characteris-
tics Goal, Topics,
and General Purposes
Revise
Figure 2.1. Kemp’s Instructional Design Model Kemp, 1977: 9
a. The Characteristics of ESP
According to Hutchinson and Waters 1987: 19 “ESP is an approach to language teaching which is directed to the specific and apparent reason for
learning. It means that all decision as a content and method are based on the learners’ reason for learning.” Learners’ reason for learning is called needs. There
are two kinds of needs namely “Target Needs and Learning Needs.” Target Needs are what the learners need to do in the target situation. Meanwhile, Learning
Needs are what the learners need to do in order to learn. Both of them are considered important because those needs reflect the
learners’ needs which will become the basis to create and develop a set of English PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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Instructional Materials for Mechanical Engineering students of Sanata Dharma University. Hutchinson and Waters 1987: 55-58 offer three terms of target
needs, namely necessities, lacks, and wants. 1
Necessities: They are the type of needs that are influenced by the target situation. Necessities are things that the learner has to know in order to be able
to use the language in the target situation. 2
Lacks: They are the gap between target proficiency and the learner’s existing proficiency. Therefore, it is important to seek out what the learners already
know in order to be able to measure the gap with the target proficiency. 3
Wants: They are the needs from the learners’ point of view. It is important to consider the learners’ view or perception about their needs.
Table 2.1. Necessities, Lacks, and Wants Hutchinson and Waters, 1987: 58
OBJECTIVE
as perceived by the course designers
SUBJECTIVE
as perceived by learners
NECESSITIES
The English needed for success in Agricultural or Veterinary Studies
To reluctantly cope with a “second-best” situation
LACKS
Presumably areas of English needed for Agricultural or
Veterinary Studies Means of doing Medical
studies
WANTS
To succeed in Agricultural or Veterinary Studies
To undertake Medical Studies
The nature of ESP rests on the needs of the learners. ESP always requires the analysis of the needs of the learners in English to be matched in the material
development. Therefore, how can ESP differ from ESL or English as Second PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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Language, which is also known as General English? The difference between ESP and General English GE is described in http:www.usingenglish.comarticles
teaching-english-specialpurposes.html as follows: The most important difference lies in the learners and their purposes for
learning English. ESP students are usually adults who already have learned English before and are learning the language in order to be able to
communicate well to perform particular job-related functions. An ESP program is therefore built on needs. The ESP focus is that English is not
taught as a subject separated from the students real world. ESP is integrated into a subject matter area which is important to the learners.
b. The Classification of ESP
