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2.1.2.1.2 Left-headed Compounds
As the name implies, left-headed compounds are those whose heads are in the left-hand element of the compound. Like the right-hand head rule, these
compounds are also referred to as endocentric compounds because the head is inside the compound Plag, 2003; Nida, 1949. It is mentioned earlier that an
inflectional affix is attached in the head component as mentioned by Katamba 1993 that “the genuine generalisation which we should attempt to capture is that
inflectional affixes are normally attached to the head, regardless of whether it is on the left or on the right o
f a compound” p.319. Thus, the affix or in this case, a plural morpheme is inflected in the left element, as seen in the list below Quirk
and Greenbaum, 1973, p.84. singular
plural passer-by
passers-by passer-bys
notary public notaries public
notary publics grant-in-aid
grants-in-aid grant-in-aids
coat of mail coats of mail
coat of mails mother-in-law
mothers-in-law mother-in-laws
2.1.2.2 Headless Compounds
There are
two categories
of headless
compounds, namely
exocentricbahuvrihi and copulativedvandva compounds.
2.1.2.2.1 ExocentricBahuvrihi Compounds
Unlike endocentric compounds, the semantic head of exocentric compounds is outside the compounds Plag, 2003. Like what Nida 1949 states
that “exocentric constructions are those in which the unit as a whole belongs to a different external distribution class from the nuclear constituent or from both of
the immediate constituents” p.94. In line with this statement, Spencer 1991 mentions that “a compound which lacks a head is called exocentric. Such
compounds are sometimes called bahuvrihi compounds, a term used by Sanskrit PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
16 grammarians.
Examples in English are not common” p.311. Here are the examples:
pickpocket redneck
loudmouth From a semantic point of view, those compounds are headless because the
meaning of the entire compound does not refer to any of the meanings of its constituents. They lack heads, meaning that the head is not determined within the
compound, and the meaning of this type of compound is outside the head itself Carstairs McCarthy, 2002 Spencer, 1991. A pickpocket is someone who
picks pocket. It does not mean a kind of pocket. A redneck is not a kind of neck but a kind of person, and loudmouth refers to a kind of person as well. They are
not related to a kind of neck or mouth. “Many of those that do exist are pred
ominantly pejorative terms referring to people” Spencer, 1991, p.311. The compounds normally refer to “someone or something marked by what is
expressed in the composite determinant” Marchand 1969, as cited in Szymanek 1989. In other words, the meaning of an exocentric compound is not predictable
“so there is a case for listing their meanings in the lexicon” Katamba, 1993, p.320.
From a syntactic point of view, however, these compounds are not headless because they are established according to the phrase structure rule in
which the compound pickpocket is generated by the rule N V N, while the compounds redneck and loudmouth are generated by the rule N A N Katamba,
1993. They basically apply RHR. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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2.1.2.2.2 CopulativeDvandva Compounds
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