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4.2.2.2 Copulative Compounds
Copulative compounds are compounds that have no heads because the elements inside the compound itself are equally important so that no element can
be considered as the head, as what is stated by Katamba 1993 that “the coupled
elements are of equal status, with neither element being regarded as the head that dominates the entire word. Copulative compounds are not seman
tically opaque” p.321. This concept is also approved by Plag 2003. According to Spencer
1991, this kind of compound is also called dvandva. The examples of copulative compounds are rainstorm and girlfriend.
All copulative compounds in TJP are written as one word without space. It cannot be said that rainstorm is a kind of storm or a kind of rain because both
members of the compound are equally essential. Similarly, it is not possible to say that a girlfriend is a kind of friend or a kind of girl. The examples above are called
appositional compounds because they “refer to one entity that is characterized by both members of the compound” Plag, 2003, p.146.
To clearly compare the data of both newspapers, the table below summarizes the number of nominal compounds based on the types of the
compounds. Table 4.17: Types of nominal compounds in TJP and NYT
Types of Nominal Compounds The Jakarta Post
New York Times Headed
Compounds
Right-hand heads 147
159 Left-hand heads
3
Headless Compounds
Exocentric 17
20 Copulative
2
TOTAL 169
179
It is obviously indicated in the table that headed compounds with heads in the right elements are the most productive type in both newspapers. TJP and NYT
have 149 and 159 nominal compounds respectively. The data show that there is PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
54 merely one nominal compound having a head in left-element in TJP, but not even
one left-hand headed compound is found in NYT. On the other hand, exocentric compounds are more commonly found than copulative ones. Both newspapers
nearly have the same figure for this type of compound, which is 17 compounds in TJP and 20 compounds in NYT. Meanwhile, 2 nominal compounds in TJP are
categorized as copulative compounds, whereas none of the compounds in NYT belongs to this type. In brief, it can be concluded that the most common type of
nominal compounds is right-hand headed compounds, whereas the least common type is left-hand headed and copulative compounds.
55
CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This chapter provides conclusion related to the results of the research and recommendations from the researcher regarding the future research in an attempt
to solve the problems of nominal compounds.
5.1 Conclusion
This research discusses compounding as one of the most productive morphological processes. Specifically, it discusses nominal compounds as the
most common type of word-formation processes. This research aims at revealing the elements that compose nominal compounds. Those elements include nouns,
adjectives, verbs, and prepositions. In addition to the elements, it also attempts to discover the types of nominal compounds that frequently appear in newspaper
articles. The types of nominal compounds are based on whether or not the compounds have heads. Headed nominal compounds are divided into right-hand
and left-hand head compounds, while headless nominal compounds comprise of exocentric and copulative compounds.
Overall, there are 169 and 179 nominal compounds discovered in TJP and NYT respectively. The result of research shows that the pattern N+N in nominal
compounds is the most productive one. It is proven from the data in both newspapers in which TJP and NYT have 144 and 160 nominal compounds
composed of N+N respectively. The result also indicates that there are other possible patterns of nominal compounds apart from those mentioned by the
experts. They include V+P, P+V, and N+A in TJP, but V+P only in NYT. In TJP, P+V and N+A are the least productive pattern having the same figure, i.e. 1
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