50 endocentric compounds with left-hand heads. They include nouns which form
their plural by adding the plural morphem e to the noun in first position” p.84. In
TJP, there is only one left-hand head compound found that is president-elect. It has been mentioned before that the meaning of a nominal compound
should be identified first in order to categorize the type of the nominal compound, and to find out the meaning, the head of the nominal compound should be
determined first. In the case of president-elect, the meaning can be looked up in the dictionary because this compound is written as one word and listed in a
dictionary. According to Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, president-elect
is “someone who has been elected as a new president, but who has not yet started the job
.” Hence, it is clear that the heads of the above compounds are inside the compounds themselves that is in the first or left element and that
based on the theory from Quirk and Greenbaum 1973, if a plural form is needed, the plural marker
–s should be inflected in the head itself.
4.2.2 Headless Compounds
Headless compounds in this study are divided into two types that include exocentric and copulative compounds. There are 17 exocentric and 2 copulative
compounds found in TJP.
4.2.2.1 Exocentric Compounds
Exocentric compounds are compounds that do not refer to any meaning of the inside elements. Plag 2003 says that the head of exocentric compounds are
outside the compound itself. This idea is supported by Nida 1949 stating that “exocentric constructions are those in which the unit as a whole belongs to a
different external distribution class from the nuclear constituent or from both of the immediate constituents” p.94. According to Spencer 1991, this kind of
51 compound is also called bahuvrihi. Below are examples of exocentric compounds
found in TJP. layoff
outskirt aftershock
outsider All exocentric compounds discovered in TJP are written as one word with
no space. Since nominal compounds that are written as one word do not have a head-modifier semantic relationship, the meaning of this compound is not
predictable. Katamba 1993 states that “obviously, the meaning of an exocentric
compound is opaque. It is impossible to work out what an exocentric compound means from the sum of the meanings of its constituents” p.320. To put it in
another way, the meanings of exocentric compounds refer to entities outside the construction of the compound itself. A dictionary is neded to find out the true
meanings of the compounds Katamba, 1993. According to Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, the word
layoff means “an occasion when an employer ends a worker’s employment for
a temporary period of time because there is not enough work.” This compound
originally comes from the phrasal verb lay off meaning “to stop employing
someone because there is no work for them to do” Longman Dictionary of
Contemporary English, which is then converted into a noun. Similarly, the exocentric nominal compound outskirt does not have
anything to do with skirt but according to Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English
, “the parts of a town or city that are furthest from the centre.” The word aftershock
means “a small earthquake that happens after a larger one.” Finally, the PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
52 word outsider means
“someone who is not accepted as a member of a particular social group
.” Meanwhile, the data of exocentric compounds found in NYT are presented
below. malefactor
front-runner sunset
kingmaker All exocentric compounds found in NYT are orthographically written as
one word with or without a hyphen. The meaning of exocentric compounds are not related to the elements composing the compound itself, instead the meaning is
unpredictable as said by Katamba 1993 that “obviously, the meaning of an
exocentric compound is opaque” p.320. Because of the unpredictable meaning, dictionaries list the meanings of exocentric compounds that are written as one
single word Katamba, 1993. According to Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English: the nominal
compound malefactor does not refer to factors but “someone who does bad
or illegal things”; front-runner is the person or thing that is most likely
to succeed in a competition; sunset does not mean the set of sun but the time of day when the sun disappears and night begins; and kingmaker is not a maker of a
king but someone who influences the choice of people for important jobs. In relation to orthography, it cannot be determined how certain nominal compounds
are written because of inconsistency. Some of them are written as one word without a hyphen, and some others are written as one word with a hyphen and as
two separate words. According to Katamba 1993, “Clearly, orthographic
conventions are a poor guide to compounding” p.320.
53
4.2.2.2 Copulative Compounds
