42
4.1.5 Other Patterns
Apart from the construction mentioned by the experts, nominal compounds can be composed of other patterns comprising P+V and N+A which
result in nouns. It, therefore, contradicts the theory saying that the head determines the category of the entire compound Katamba, 1993. However, this
case has been discusssed by Nakov 2013 stating that “some classes of
compounds do not follow this rule though, e.g., noun+preposition and verb+preposition yield complex nouns instead of complex prepositions, e.g.,
timeout and countdown” p.3. Although the patterns found in this study are not
similar to those mentioned by Nakov 2013, it can be said that even if the head is not a noun, the category of the entire compound is a noun, not a preposition or
other classes of words. Below are the examples of other patterns. Table 4.15: Nominal compounds composed of other patterns in TJP
Verb Preposition
Nominal Compounds
check lay
drop up
off out
checkup layoff
dropout
Preposition Verb
Nominal Compounds
out look
outlook
Noun Adjective
Nominal Compounds
president elect
president-elect
The nominal compounds composed of V+P are originally phrasal verbs that are converted into one word as a noun without any changes in the position of the
verb and preposition. The nominal compound outlook has a construction of P+V. Although belonging to word classes of a verb and a noun, the word look is
43 obviously a verb because it can be seen from the construction itself. The
construction is converted from the phrasal verb look out though the form changes. In the meantime, the nominal compound president-elect is composed of N+A.
Normally, adjectives come first before the noun in the case of noun phrases and nominal compounds, but this case is an exception. A noun can precede an
adjective. This nominal compound is listed in the dictionary to refer to someone elected as a president, and is clearly stated that the word elect is an adjective.
Similarly, several nominal compounds in NYT are found to have other patterns apart from the common patterns. The example is fallout constructed from
a verb fall and a preposition out.Unlike in TJP in which other patterns found are P+V and N+A, in NYT another pattern is only V+P. The nominal compound
fallout is composed of a verb fall and a preposition out. This compound is not converted from the phrasal verb fall out, instead it has more specific meaning that
is, according to the context in the newspaper, the result of the earthquake happening in Italy in October 2016.
To make the data clear, the following table summarizes all data found in TJP and NYT. It shows the patterns of nominal compounds, the number of
compounds in each pattern, along with the total number of nominal compounds in each newspaper.
Table 4.16: Patterns of nominal compounds in TJP and NYT
The Jakarta Post New York Times
N+N 144
160 V+N
6 5
A+N 8
8 P+N
3 4
44 V+P
6 2
P+V 1
- N+A
1 -
TOTAL 169
179
As clearly seen in the table, the pattern N+N has the highest figure in which both newspapers nearly have the same number of nominal compounds, i.e.
144 and 160 compounds in TJP and NYT respectively. Likewise, both newspapers have almost the same number of compounds composed of V+N, A+N, and P+N.
Meanwhile, there are 6 V+P nominal compounds in TJP while in NYT the number is only 2 nominal compounds constituting the lowest figure for nominal
compound pattern. The number merely reaches below 8 compounds. However, the patterns P+V and N+A constitute the rarest pattern of nominal compounds since
only one of each pattern is found in TJP but not even one in NYT. In brief, it can be said that compound nouns in both newspapers are not limited to the patterns
mentioned by Szymanek 1989, Spencer 1991, and Carstairs McCarthy 2002 but there are several other possible patterns in which a noun is not always
the head. The patterns V+P, P+V for example, result in noun category although none of their heads is a noun.
4.2 Types of Nominal Compounds
Kategori