45 compounds and headless compounds including exocentricbahuvrihi and
copulativedvandva compounds. Overall, there are 150 nominal compounds in TJP that have heads and 19
nominal compounds that are headless. Headed compounds in this newspaper consist of 149 right-hand and 1 left-hand headed compounds, whereas headless
compunds consist of 17 exocentric and 2 copulative compounds. On the other hand, NYT has 159 headed nominal compounds and 20 headless nominal
compounds. All 159 nominal compounds are right-hand headed compounds, while all 20 nominal compounds are exocentric compounds. In other words, no left-hand
headed and copulative compounds are found in this newspaper.
4.2.1 Headed Compounds
Headed compounds in this study are categorized into 2 types including right-hand and left-hand head compounds. Both types are also called endocentric
compounds because the heads of compounds are found in the element inside.
4.2.1.1 Right-hand Head Compounds
Right-hand head compounds are compounds that have heads in their right- most element as said by Katamba 1993 that “In such compounds the head
element normally appears as the right-handmost constituent of the word ” p311.
Below are examples representing right-hand headed compounds discovered in TJP that are chosen to be analyzed because they have different forms from each
other. As seen below, the first nominal compound is constructed from free morphemes and written as separate words; the second is constructed from free
morphemes and written as one word with no hyphen; the third is constructed from nominal compounds as the head and written as separate words; and the last is
written as one word with a hyphen. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
46 prison population
mainland campaign chairman
vote-rigging It is obvious that the heads of the nominal compounds above are inside the
compound themselves and that the heads determine the meaning of the entire compounds. Prison population is a kind of population, mainland is a kind of land,
campaign chairman is a kind of chairman, and vote-rigging is a kind of rigging. Thus, the heads of the nominal compounds above are in the right-most element
and that is the reason why this compound is also called endocentric compound as stated by Katamba, 1993; Plag, 2003; Nida, 1949.
In order to find out the category of nominal compounds, the meanings should be identified in advance, and to figure out the meanings, the heads of
nominal compounds should be determined first. The word population, which is in the right-most element, in prison population is the head, and the first element
modifies the head itself so that it becomes more precise. The nominal compound entirely means population in prison. In other words, the meaning of this
compound is related to the elements composing it. That is one of the characteristics of endocentric compounds said by Carstairs McCarthy 2002
that “semantically an endocentric compound indicates a sub-grouping within the
class of entities that the head denotes ” p.305.
Meanwhile, nominal compounds that are written as one word are normally listed in dictionary. The word mainland, according to Longman Dictionary of
Contemporary English, means “the main area of land that forms a country,
as compared to islands near it that are also part of that country .” The meaning has
47 a relation to the second element of the compound functioning as the head. The
first element functions as a specifier making the head more specific. The next nominal compound to be analyzed is champaign chairman. The
word chairman is the head of the compound modified by the word champaign in the first element. Originally, the head is a nominal compound because it is
composed of to words. As Szymanek 1989 states, a compound is composed of two lexical items. In this case, the words chair and man are combined to form a
nominal compound. The constructed compound is then combined again with the word champaign as a modifier to refer to a chairman of the champaign. According
to Carstairs McCarthy 2002, “the compound can itself be an element in a
larger compound ” p.77.
In the case of vote-rigging, the meaning cannot be found in a dictionary. Although it is written as one word, it is not listed in the dictionary probably
because nominal compounds can be freely produced by combining several elements with hyphens so it is not feasible to list all items with hyphens. For
example, it is possible to say a 26-year-old to refer to someone who is 26 years old. In other words, nominal compounds with hyphens are not always listed in a
dictionary because they can be freely constructed and in some cases, have predictable meanings. The word rigging is the head which basically comes from a
verb rig attached with suffix –ing to become a noun. The head is then modified
with the word vote in the first element to refer to dishonest arrangement of vote result. Again, the meaning is related to the elements composing the nominal
compound and that is why this is also called endocentric compound. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
48 In the meantime, the data of nominal compounds with right-hand heads in
NYT are given in the following. police report
swordfish opposition lawmaker
watchdog group
The above nominal compounds are selected to represent the analysis of right-hand headed compounds because each of them has different orthography.
For instance, the first example is written as two separate words, the second example is written as one word, the third example is written as two separate words
in which the head is originally a compound itself, and finally the last example is written as two separate words in which the modifier is originally a compound
itself. As clearly presented above, all nominal compounds have heads inside the
compounds, specifically in their right elements. So, the head itself determines the meaning of the entire compound as argued by Carstairs McCarthy 2002. The
first or left element functions as a modifier of the compound. It is then said that the compound police report is a kind of report, swordfish is a kind of fish,
opposition lawmaker is a kind of lawmakers, and watchdog group is a kind of group. According to Lauer 1995, the problem of nominal compound meaning
can be overcome by paraphrasing them with 8 prepositions, namely of, for, in, at, on, from, with, and about.
The nominal compound police report has the word report as the head that is modified by the word police placed in the first element. It means that this
nominal compound belongs to endocentric compound with right-hand head. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
49 Similarly, the nominal compound swordfish is composed of the head fish in the
right element and a modifier sword in the left element. According to Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, the nominal compound swordfish
means “a large fish with a very long pointed upper jaw
”. In the meantime, both nominal compounds opposition lawmaker and
watchdog group are originally composed of nominal compounds themselves. The difference is that the former has the original nominal compound as the head,
whereas the latter has the original nominal compound as the modifier. The compound opposition lawmaker is constructed from the word lawmaker modified
by the word opposition. The word law is combined with the word maker to refer to people who are responsible for making laws. Afterwards, the constructed
nominal compound is used to form another compound. This characteristic of nominal compounds is called recursivity as mentioned by Katamba 1993,
Carstairs McCarthy 2002, and Plag 2003. The word opposition modifies the head lawmaker. In the meantime, the word group in watchdog group functions as
the head that is modified by a nominal compound watchdog. The word watchdog itself is composed of the word watch and dog becoming an exocentric compound.
According to Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, watchdog means “
a person or group of people whose job is to protect the rights of people who buy
things and to make sure companies do not do anything illegal or harmful .” Thus,
similarly, a nominal compound can be used to form larger nominal compounds; in this case watchdog group is a group of watchdog.
4.2.1.2 Left-hand Head Compounds
