all students related to the implementations of the research. Observations were conducted during the implementation of the actions which were used to
investigate the improvement of students’ speaking ability. The results of observation were written in the form of field notes which were used to gain the
data about students’ speaking ability during teaching and learning activities. Interview guides were used to ask several students deeply related to the teaching
and learning activities that had been conducted. The interviews were the follow up of data collections which were obtained from the results of the questionnaires and
the observations. Photographs were collected during the implementation of the actions to capture the students’ activity as well as the teacher in the process of the
research. In addition, pre-test and post-test were carried out to measure the students’ speaking ability before and after conducting the research study.
F. Data Analysis Techniques
The analysis of the data was conducted by using the techniques proposed by Burns 1999: 157- 160. Those techniques include:
1. Assembling the Data
All the data were obtained during the implementation of the actions through the result of the observation, the transcript of the interview, and the
questionnaires. When all the data have been provided, the researcher scanned for the important information to be analyzed. By doing this, the important
information dealing with the effect of the actions the researcher might be obtained.
2. Coding the Data
The purpose of coding is to reduce the data and break them into manageable categories of concepts, themes, or types. The data, then, were divided
into some categories to simplify the analysis of the data. 3.
Comparing the Data This step is used to see whether there are repetitions and development
among the data which are collected through various techniques. The comparison aims mainly to describe and display the data rather than explain or interpret them.
4. Building Interpretation
The data interpretation was built together with other research members. This interpretation was based on the data description, data categorization, data
coding, and data comparison. In doing this step, the concepts and theories were employed to explain why such changes happened.
5. Reporting the Outcomes
After the researcher and the collaborator analyzing the data, the outcomes were presented to the audience clearly by describing the process of the research
implementation and that the finding and outcomes were well supported by the collected data. Not only reporting the process of implementations, the descriptions
of the original issue of the research, the contexts, the methods, the data, the findings were also described to come to the finding itself.
Data analysis techniques in this research also cover the validity and triangulation. The researcher uses some validity kinds offered by Andersen in
Burns 1999: 161- 163. These kinds of validity are presented below.
