actions used to relate to others, People who have expressive style are communicative, warm, approachable, and competitive. They involve other people
with their feelings and thoughts. They want others as friends who have roles as followers and personal supporters of their dreams rather than as competitors. In the
use of time, expressive people act quickly but undisciplined. They are also impatient. In decision making aspect, expressive people are willing to take risks but
their decisions are based on personal opinions, hunches, and intuitions which are from their own or other people. They appear more imaginative and creative.
C. Theoretical Framework
The main focuses of this research are to describe types of speech acts in Jimmy Hopkins
’ utterances in BSE and to analyze Jimmy Hopkins’ social styles based on his types of speech acts in his utterances using Merill and Reid’s social
style. Nevertheless, to analyze Jimmy Hopkins’ utterances, other theories beside
speech acts and social style are needed to classify research data and to analyze them. This research uses mood types to classify Jimmy
Hopkins’ utterances before analyzing Jimmy
Hopkins’ speech act types. To analyze mood types in Jimmy Hopkins’ utterances, the utterances are modified so that the main clauses of the
utterances can be recognized. From the main clauses, the utterances can be classified into mood types based structures of mood types. However, since some of
Jimmy Hopkins’ utterances contain ellipsed utterances, ellipsis theory is used to
identify Jimmy Hopkins’ utterances and then classify the utterances into mood
types. After recognizing the mood types, the utterances are classified into speech act types and then given abbreviated labels for their speech functions.
This research applies speech act types of Searle’s speech act theory 1976 for categorizing Jimmy
Hopkins’ utterances. The types of speech acts are from one of the three levels of speech acts in Searle’s speech act theory namely illocutionary
acts. The types of illocutionary acts are representatives, directives, commissives, expressives, and declarations.
After obtaining speech act types in Jimmy Hopkins’ utterances, social style
theory are employed to analyze Jimmy Hopkins ’ social styles. Among many
typologies on social style theories, social style which was developed by Merill and Reid 1981 are used to analyze Jimmy Hopkins
’ social styles. Social style is chosen because it determines someone’s social style based on his or her behavioral
preference what someone does and says. Hence, Jimmy Hopkins’ speech act types
are attributed to social styles by comparing characteristics or clues of speech act types and social styles.
In social style theory, there are three dimensions of human behavior. They are assertiveness, responsiveness, and versatility. Social style typology is based on
a combination of two dimensions: assertiveness and responsiveness. From those two dimensions, four social styles are derived to classify someone’s behavioral
pattern based on someone’s behavioral preference. The styles are amiable, analytical, driving, and expressive. Hence, Jimmy
Hopkins’ social styles can be concluded from four social styles of Merill and Reid. In the following page, Figure
2.2 is presented to illustrate synthesized theories used in this research. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
Figure 2.2 The Theoretical Framework
Research Data
Jimmy Hopkins ’
utterances • Representatives
• Directives • Commissives
• Expressives • Declarations
Mood Types Social Style
• declarative • interrogative
• imperative
• Ellipsis Supplementary Theory
Speech Act Types
• Amiable • Analytical
• Driving • Expressive
25 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
26
CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY
This chapter is divided into six parts. They are research method, research setting, research subject, instruments and data gathering technique, data analysis
technique, and research procedure. Research method describes details of a method and an approach used in this research. Research setting and research subject are
parts which explain when research data were gathered and what the object of the research is. Data gathering technique, data analysis technique, and research
procedures are about details of how research data were processed.
A. Research Method
Patton 1985 states that qualitative research is “an effort to understand situations in their uniqueness as part of a particular context and the interactions
there . . . The analysis strives for depth of under standing” as cited in Merriam,
2009, p. 14. From the definition of qualitative research, this research implemented qualitative research because it aims to understand the use of language in terms of
analyzing its meaning in contexts. Qualitative research has many genres and each genre differs from one expert to another. Gall et. al. 1996 differentiate qualitative
research into three genres:
“a individual lived experience exemplified by phenomenological approaches, some feminist inquiry, and life history and testimonio; b society and culture as
seen in ethnography and action research; and c language and communication –
whether spoken or expressed in text – like that in sociolinguistic approaches,
including discourse analysis”. as cited in Marshall Rossman, 2006, p. 3
Hence, this research is included in the third genre, language and communication, specifically discourse analysis.
Potter 1997 defines discourse analysis as a method which focuses on “studying discourse as texts and talk in social practices” as cited in Wood
Kroger, 2000, p. 3. This research employed discourse analysis by analyzing spoken discourse which is in form of utterances. To analyze the utterances, speech act
theory was used since it is the part of discourse analysis Litosseliti, 2010, p. 119. The focus of speech act theory is to analyze the meaning of someone
’s verbal expressions based on contexts in
someone’s social life. In this research, speech act theory is used to describe speech act types of fictional character’s utterances.
Moreover, in social life, humans do not acts randomly but they tend to have behavioral preferences which can be concluded into patterns. A term for behavioral
patterns is called social style. From speech act types in utterances, social styles can be observed based on clues or characteristics which are usually expressed by each
social style.
B. Research Setting
This research used cutscenes from a video game titled Bully: Scholarship Edition BSE. The cutscenes are specifically from Chapter V in BSE. To gather
research data, dialogue in the cutscenes was transcribed on May 2016 until June 2016. Before transcribing the dialogue, the cutscenes were downloaded on October
2015 from an account named UPlayNetwork from www.youtube.com. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
