found in 113 utterances, driving in 19 utterances, analytical in 6 utterances, and amiable in 3 utterances.
Similar with representatives, clues of four social styles are recognized in directives. There are 31 utterances which are identified having clues from
expressive style. This makes expressive style dominate utterances of directive type. The second highest number of directive-type utterances is driving style with 22
utterances. Then, there are 8 utterances which have clues of amiable style and only 1 utterance is categorized into analytical style.
In commissives, only driving and expressive styles are identified in Jimmy Hopkins’ utterances. Utterances which contain clues of driving style are found in 6
utterances and 3 utterances are found in expressive style. For expressives, there are three social styles which are identified from utterances of expressive style. Amiable
and driving styles are found in one utterance for each style. The number of the utterances makes them the lowest styles in expressive type. Meanwhile, analytical
style is found in 2 utterances and expressive style is identified as the utterances that dominate expressive type in 52 utterances.
Hence, recapitulation of findings shows that Jimmy Hopkins’ utterances
contain varied types of speech act although there is no declaration type found. Furthermore, a person can show several clues from different social styles such as
Jimmy Hopkins whose acts or behaviors show clues from four social styles. However, each person will repeat some behaviors which can be generalized into
one social style and social style that dominates Jimmy Hopkins’ behaviors is
expressive. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
B. Discussions of Findings’ Samples of Speech Act Types and Their
Attribution to Social Styles
In this part, several samples of findings of data are discussed in correspond with clues from synthesized theories. The analysis of selected data is presented and
categorized according to speech act types. Each discussion of speech act type consists of two points. The first point discusses speech act types which correspond
with mood types that are found in each type. The second point discusses speech act types attribution to social styles.
1. Representatives
As seen in Appendix 1, 141 utterances of 268 utterances are categorized as representative type. Among these utterances, there are 132 utterances which belong
to declarative mood, 8 utterances which belong to interrogative mood, and 1 utterance which belong to imperative mood. In Jimmy
Hopkins’ utterances, there are 17 functions of representative type found see Appendix 1. Among speech act
functions, asserting occurs more frequent in 48 utterances. Hence, representative type has higher occurrence among other types. It also contains more functions
which are expressed in three different mood types. Since there are three mood types found in representative type, samples of representative-type findings are divided
into three parts: declarative, interrogative, and imperative. After analyzing samples based on mood types, explanation of representative type attributed to social style
are discussed. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
a. Declarative
All functions of representative type in Jimmy Hopkins’ utterances have
declarative mood see Appendix 1. The highest number among the functions which is in form of declarative mood is asserting function. It is found in 41 utterances. For
declarative mood discussion in representative type, acknowledging function was chosen as an example. The example is a Jimmy
Hopkins’ utterance which is taken from Scene 5 and presented in the following page.
[Excerpt 1] Scene 5 Context: Jimmy is walking to a library in the school when he encounters nerd gang
is gathering around in front of the library yelling and complaining. The nerd gang accuses Jimmy for releasing rats in the library. He denies the accusation and enters
the library to get rid of the rats. In the library he meets Ms. Carvin, the school librarian. Ms. Carvin shows Jimmy the source where the rats came from. After that,
Ms. Carvin thanks him for cleaning the library from the rats. Ms. Carvin
: Thank you, Jimmy. If you have any late fees I think we can just forget about them.
Jimmy : I did that a long time ago. JU55
I mean, thank you, Ms.
The utterance JU55 belongs to declarative mood specifically exclamative clause. The utterance is declarative mood because it fulfills the rule for declarative
mood in which the utterance contains a subject and a finite. The subject in the utterance is I and the finite is did. In the Scene 5, Ms. Carvin rewards Jimmy for his
good deed by erasing his late fees, even though there is no further information about erasing the previous late fees or any late fees that Jimmy had in the past or in the
future. Nevertheless, Jimmy acknowledges his late fees by uttering utterance which contains declarative mood. He utters the truth that being the case of his saying.
b. Interrogative
In representatives, Interrogative mood only occurs in asserting and guessing see Appendix 1. Scene 1 is taken as an example. In the Scene 1, there is only one
asserting act in an utterance which belongs to interrogative mood. [Excerpt 2] Scene 1
Context: Jimmy is walking in the schoolyard and he is followed by some students. Some of them are the gang leaders who has been beaten by Jimmy. Since then,
Jimmy considers himself as the boss of all gangs. After saying goodbyes and being separate with the leaders, Jimmy encounters Pete, his best friend, who is worried
about him. Jimmy : I took over this dump.
These morons - are my morons now. Pete
: That’s great. Just don’t turn into a jerk.
Jimmy : How could I? JU14
JU14 was categorized as interrogative mood because the clause form of the utterance is in wh-question clause. As mentioned in Chapter 2, interrogative mood
is the inversion pattern of declarative mood. However, JU14 is reduced or ellipsed. If JU14 is written into a full independent clause in interrogative type, it becomes
How could I turn into a jerk? From the full clause, the subject and the finite can be identified: I as the subject and turn as the finite.
The function of JU14 is asserting. Even though it takes interrogative form, Jimmy’s intention is not to ask the hearer and to get an answer from his question.
On the contrary, Jimmy intends to assert that what the hearer has said previously is false and impossible. He believes the truth that he does not turn into a jerk. His
utterance is also ellipsed since he is talking with his friend and it is assumed that the hearer
understands the speaker’s utterance. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
c. Imperative
From 268 utterances, only one utterance of representative type is expressed by imperative mood see Appendix 1. The function of the utterance is complaining.
The utterance is found in Scene 32 and coded as JU238. The excerpt of the scene and the analysis can be seen in Excerpt 3.
[Excerpt 3] Scene 32 Context: Bullworth School is in riot. All gangs spread and school building along
with its facilities are vandalized. Jimmy enters the school hall after defeating all gangs and stopping the riot in the school. He encounters two prefects and one of
them tackles him and takes his slingshot. Seeing that, Russell, a student of big build, runs towards the prefects to beat them.
A prefect
: You What is that in your hand? Weapons are for prefects only. Tackles Jimmy and takes his slingshot
Russell : Nooo Get off my little buddy The prefects run away Slow down
so Russell can smash you Runs to catch the prefects Jimmy
: Gets up Aw, come on. JU238
As seen in the excerpt, JU238 is in a form of imperative mood. It stands from a hidden subject you and a finite come. Although indicating imperative mood,
the meaning of JU238 is not to command a hearer to approach the speaker as in directive type. Instead, JU238 has complaining function which belongs to
representative type. In representative type, the speaker utters utterances that he or she believes to be true or false. The utterance of JU238 is an expression that Jimmy
utters because he believes that he does not deserve to be tackled down by the prefect. He also refuses to let the prefect take his slingshot away. By uttering Aw,
come on, the speaker complains to the hearer about the violent action which the hearer has done. The speaker also complains about his slingshot which has been
taken by the hearer. When uttering JU238, Jimmy is left alone in the school hall PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
with some students that have been beaten by Edgar previously. However, the addressee of the complaint is clearly the prefect who tackles Jimmy and takes his
slingshot, although the prefect leaves Jimmy to run away from Russell. d.
Attribution to Social Styles In representatives, four styles of social style, amiable, analytical, driving,
and expressive, are found in Jimmy Hopkins’ utterances see Appendix 1.
Expressive style which was indicated in 131 utterances dominates Jimmy Hopkins ’
social style over other styles such as amiable style which was only expressed in 3 utterances in two speech act functions: confirming and guessing see Appendix 2.
Two samples of utterances in Excerpt 4 and 5 are elaborated to represent the findings of social styles in representative type. The samples are taken from
representative type and the sample utterances express amiable and expressive styles.
1 Amiable
People with amiable style tend to express their feelings but not as assertive as expressive style. They are likely unsure. An utterance which is identified as
amiable behavior is discussed in Excerpt 4. [Excerpt 4] Scene 22
Context: Jimmy and Zoe are in front of townie gang’s hideout inside the factory.
Jimmy :
I don’t think I can beat all of them. JU176
Zoe : Hang on Jimmy… You’ll see.
Zoe talks to townie gang members to distract them so that Jimmy can enter the hideout.
In Excerpt 4, Jimmy Hopkins is trying to conquer townie gang in townies’
hideout. Previously, he went to the townies’ hideout with Russell, but Russell was PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
