never again forget your birthday; b directive: you know what you have to do; c expressive: I am sorry; d declaration: You are guilty.
To formulate interrogative mood, the subject and the finite in declarative mood are inverted. However, inverting a subject and a finite is not the only
condition to determine a clause or an utterance belongs to interrogative mood. Wh- question and yesno question see figure 2.1 are the other conditions to categorize
a clause or an utterance into interrogative mood. Similar with declarative mood, interrogative mood does not only represent an act of asking question. This mood
can be included into other speech act types. Imperative mood is rather different from the other two moods above.
Basically, a clause which contains imperative mood is also formed from a subject and a finite. However, most of the time, the subject is omitted. Fontaine 2013
suggests to “check the effects of adding an overt subject and finite element and comparing this with the resultant structures in both positive and negative polarity”
p. 136. Imperative mood also mainly expresses directive acts such as commanding,
ordering, and prohibiting. However, it may convey other types of speech acts beside directive type such as asserting in representative, promising in commissives,
greeting in expressive, and declaring a war in declarations. In addition, Condoravdi and Lauer 2012 add that imperative can express other kinds of illocutionary acts.
They categorized them into four categories: directives, wish-type uses, permissions and invitations, and disinterested advice. To depict a clear connection between
clause and mood types, a mood system by Thompson 2004 is provided in Figure 2.1. as cited in Fontaine, 2013, p. 135.
Wh- subject Wh- question
Interrogative
Wh- non-subject
yesno question Indicative
Exclamative Exclamative
Independent
Declarative
Clause
Non-exclamative Suggestive
Imperative Marked
Regular imperative jussive
Unmarked
Figure 2.1 The Mood System
In relation to speech acts, Fontaine 2013 states “speech functions such as question and order are expressed by the mood system” p. 134. Speech functions
can be determined by classifying independent clauses or utterances into the three mood types. In this research, speech functions are referred as ‘functions’ see
Appendix 1. As stated on the figure 2.1, mood types are acquired from an independent clause which consists of a subject and a finite. Fontaine 2013
mentions that the combination of “subject and finite is to define the mood structure of the clause” p. 134.
3. Ellipsis
Ellipsis is used to identify some utterances which have incomplete structure patterns so that they can be categorized into three mood types. Halliday 2004
states that “ellipsis is a grammatical form in which certain features are not realized PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
in the structure” p. 89. There are many kinds of ellipsis and two amongst them are anaphoric and exophoric ellipsis. Anaphoric ellipsis is the kind of ellipsis which a
clause or an utterance is based on a previous clause or a previous utterance Halliday, 2004. Halliday 2004 mentions four examples: ‘Yes, No, All right, and
Of course’. Exophoric ellipsis is the type of ellipsis which “simply taking advantage of the rhetorical structure of the situation, specifically the roles of the speaker and
listener” Halliday, 2004. Halliday 2004 mentions some examples such as ‘Thirsty? are you thirsty?’, ‘No idea I’ve no idea’, ‘A song let’s have a song’,
and ‘feeling better? are you feeling better?’. Even though there are still many types of ellipsis which are not mentioned in this section, the researcher considered all the
types as one category: ellipsis. In addition, this theory was only used to help the researcher categorize utterances which are structurally incomplete.
4. Social Style
Social style is derived from behavioral psychology field Merill Reid 1981, p. 40. Behavioral psychology method tends to “watch people and describe
what they do, without making any attempt to analyze why a person behaves in a certain way” Merill Reid, 1981, p. 40. Meanwhile, analyzing reasons behind
someone’s behavior is the method of psychoanalytical theories which is contrary with behavioral theories.
In social style, there are three dimensions of human behavior. The dimensions are assertiveness, responsiveness, and versatility. Assertiveness is a
dimension of h uman behavior “that measures whether a person tends to tell or ask,
and the degree to which others see us as trying to influence their decisions” Merill PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
Reid, 1981, p. 44. Responsiveness is a human behavior dimension that “indicates whether a person tends to emote or to control feelings and the extent to
which others see us as an individual who displays feelings or emotions openly in social situation” Merill Reid, 1981, p. 44. Versatility is a human behavior
dimension that shows “the extent to which others see us as adaptable, resourceful, and competent” Merill Reid, 1981, p. 44. Even though social style has three
dimensions, Merill and Reid’s social style typology only combines assertiveness and responsiveness dimensions. This is because versatility is a dimension which
measures our behavior on adapting and dealing with people with the same and different social styles.
The combination of assertiveness and responsiveness dimensions creates four styles of social style. The four styles are amiable, analytical, driving, and
expressive. Brief descriptions of the four social styles are summarized based on social theory of Merill and Reid 1981. Each description provides adjectives which
represent each style. Moreover, there are other adjectives and descriptions from three aspects of social styles which differentiate a style from another. The aspects
are actions used to others, use of time, and approach to decision making. a.
Amiable People who have amiable behavior type usually find no difficulty to show
their feelings. Amiable behavior has less responsiveness and assertiveness. Consequently, amiable people tend to be agreeable and cooperative. They are also
conforming, unsure, pliable, dependent, awkward, supportive, respectful, willing, and dependable Merill Reid, 1981, p. 60. From the aspect of actions used to
