Problem Limitation Definition of Terms

Meidaratika 2008 conducted a research which concentrates on one of speech act categories namely expressive. Meidaratika took An Ideal Husband play script as the object of the study. The research focuses on a character utterances namely Lady Chiltern. Reactions towards the expressive speech act and messages which are tried to be conveyed by Lady Chiltren are other research problems in the research. The result of the research shows that the expressive speech acts found in Lady Chiltern utterances are quite dominant in her utterances. A research about speech act was also conducted by Ciptaningrum 2011. The research also concentrates on a specific topic of speech acts namely politeness strategies in directive speech acts. Characters’ utterances in an episode of TV series entitled The IT Crowd: Moss and the German are the object of the research. Besides analyzing types of directive speech acts, the researcher attributed speech act study with psychology theory. Interpersonal relationship and power of relationship theories are used to analyze characters’ interpersonal relationship and the power of characters’ interpersonal relationships. The results of Ciptaningrum’s research are that politeness strategies which are applied by characters in their utterances show high relation with characters’ interpersonal relationship. Qadir and Riloff 2011 observed speech acts in message board posts from the Veterinary Information Network VIN web site. The web site is a forum for veterinarians to share and to discuss issues and questions related to their work as veterinarians. The research is focused on studying speech acts in sentences rather than in written conversation in the forum. Searle’s theory of speech acts is used to examine 1,956 sentences from 150 message board posts. Since the main focus of PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI their research is classifying sentences, the researchers use lexical, syntactic and domain-specific semantic class features along with speech acts word lists from other resources beside Searle’s speech act classification of verbs. Those features and word lists of speech acts are criteria to classify sentences that have a speech act or none at all. Kristiawan 2015 conducted a research which analyzes indirect speech acts found in conversation in TV game show titled Whose Line is It Anyway. The researcher chose 7 videos from the TV game show. The game that is Question Only game. The conversation in the Question Only game is in form questions or preferably named ill-sequence conversation. The research is focused on two research problems. The first research problem is to find kinds of speech acts which are used in the Question Only game. The second research problem is to observe how the conversation in the Question Only game goes with varied kinds of indirect speech acts while people in the video apply ill-sequence conversation. There are two results based on the research problems. The first result is that there are not only questioning act applied in the ill-sequence conversation but also varied kinds of indirect speech acts even though the conversation is in the form of questions. The second result is that the conversation goes well and ill-sequence conversation does not alter kinds of indirect speech acts that are applied in the conversation. On the other side, Puri 2015 analyzed directive speech acts found in a character’s utterances in The Devil Wears Prada movie. The researcher limited the types of speech acts into four types of directive speech acts, namely command, request, prohibition and question. After finding directive speech acts in Miranda PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI Priestly’s utterances, the selected character in the research, the researcher related them with Miranda Priestly’s leadership style.

B. Theoretical Description

There are four topics of theories which are described in this part. The topics are speech acts, mood types, ellipsis, and social style model. In this research, speech acts, mood types, and social style model are used to analyze research data. Meanwhile, ellipsis is functioned as supplementary theory to differentiate mood types.

1. Speech Acts

Initially, J.L. Austin used a term performative utterances or performative acts which refers to speech acts. He states that performative utterance “indicates that the issuing of the utterance is the performing of an action” Austin, 1962, p. 6. Three levels of speech acts according to Austin 1962 are locutionary acts, illocutionary acts, and perlocutionary acts. This research only used illocutionary act types to analyze speech acts in Jimmy Hopkins ’ utterances. Illocutionary act according to Austin 1962, p. 99 is “performance of an act in saying something”. Searle 1976 classifies illocutionary acts into five types. They are representatives, directives, commissives, expressives, and declarations. Generally, the types are preferably called s peech act types. Brief descriptions of Searle’s speech act types are elaborated in the following parts. a. Representatives This type underlines that a speaker is committed “to something’s being the case, to the truth of the expressed proposition” Searle, 1976. Searle explains that to examine utterances which contain representatives, the utterances should be able to be “literally” classified into “true or false” Searle, 1976. Representative direction is to fit words to the world. Verbs which are categorized into representatives are: hypothesize, insist, boast, complain, conclude, deduce, and some of “Austin’s expositives and many of his verdictives” Searle, 1976. Yule 1996 adds statements of fact, assertions, and descriptions into representative acts p. 53. In addition, Cutting 2002 includes claiming and predicting in this type. Cutting 2002 provides two examples of representative type: ‘The fact that girls have been outstripping boys academically has been acknowledged for the past 12 years or so.’ and ‘I came; I saw; I conquered’ p. 17. b. Directives This type of speech act is “to get the hearer to do something” Searle, 1976. Searle mentions several verbs which are included in directive acts. They are ask, order, command, request, beg, plead, pray, entreat, invite, permit, advise, dare, defy, challenge and some of “Austin’s exercitives” Searle, 1976. The point of directives is the speaker tries to fit the world into words through the hearer. Two examples of directive which are taken from Cutting 2002 are ‘Better remain silent and be thought a fool, than open your mouth and remove all possible doubt.’ and ‘Do not unto others as you would they should do unto you. Their tastes may not be the same.’ p. 17. c. Commissives Searle 1976 states that commissives is the type of speech acts that is to