36
CHAPTER IV RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
In this chapter, research findings are presented to discuss types of speech acts found in Jimmy
Hopkins’ utterances and social styles based on speech act types in the utterances. This chapter is divided into two parts. The first part shows general
discussion of major findings. The second part discusses samples of speech act types found in Jimmy
Hopkins’ utterances and their attribution to social styles.
A. Speech Act Types and Social Styles Found in Jimmy
Hopkins’ Utterances
In this part, some findings are discussed to show major findings from data analysis. The findings are illustrated in Figure 4.1 page 35 and in Figure 4.2 page
37. Detailed numbers of findings can be found in cross tabulation tables in Appendix 1 and 2.
As seen in Figure 4.1, only four of speech act types are found in Jimmy Hopkins’ utterances. The types are representatives, directives, commissives, and
expressives. Meanwhile, according to Searle 1976, there are five types of speech acts. The types are representatives, directives, commissives, expressives, and
declarations. Hence, declarations was the only type that is not found in Jimmy Hopkins’ utterances. In the following page, Figure 4.1 is presented.
3 1
1 6
6 1
15
1 4
3 3
3 1
3 2
1 2
1 4
1 3
1 1
2 1
1 3
23
2 2
26
12
1 4
4 14
1 3
6 9
3 2
17
9 48
3 2
3 5
10 15
20 25
30 35
Figure 4.1 The Total Utterances of Speech Act Types Found in Jimmy Hopkins Utterances
Legend:
Representative Directive
Commisive Expressive
REPRESENTATIVES
50
DIRECTIVES COMMISSIVES
EXPRESSIVES
37 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
From 268 utterances, representatives are identified in 141 utterances with 17 functions. Asserting has the highest number of all functions in representatives and
other types. It makes representatives become the highest number compared to other types see red bars in Figure 4.1.
Utterances which contain directives are identified in 62 utterances. This finding makes directives as the third type that dominates Jimmy
Hopkins’ utterances. Furthermore, there are 10 functions in directive type. Asking and
commanding are speech functions which dominate utterances of directive type see green bars in Figure 4.1.
Utterances which were indicated commissive acts are found only in 9 utterances. Four functions are identified from the 9 utterances. Among other speech
act types, commissive is a type that has the lowest number of utterances and functions. Blue bars in Figure 4.1 illustrate the number of utterances which are
identified as commissives. For expressive type, there are 56 utterances found in Jimmy
Hopkins’ utterances. Seventeen speech functions are identified from those utterances. The
total utterances which contain expressive type make this type becomes the second highest type that dominates Jimmy
Hopkins’ utterances. Yellow bars represent expressive type in Figure 4.1.
For findings on speech act types attributed to social styles, there are four styles found in Jimmy
Hopkins’ utterances. The styles are amiable, analytical, driving, and expressive. Based on Merill and Reid 1981,
“social style is not an absolute; it is a matter of degree. Even though we tend to repeat some behaviors
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