JU81 is an utterance which indicates imperative mood. Based on the mood system in Chapter 2, JU81 is classified into regular imperative jussive specifically
unmarked imperative. It is imperative because it contains an ‘unmarked’ second person singular subject you and an expressed finite have.
In the Scene 10 see Appendix 3, Johnny is furious and goes a little crazy because he finds out his girlfriend cheated on him with some of the local kids. That
is the reason why he is caught and brought to the asylum. In the excerpt of Scene 10, Johnny says he wants to clarify his problem with his girlfriend. Jimmy utters
JU81 as a wish to Johnny so that he can find any ‘fun’ thing or something that
makes him happy from his plan to get a clarification. Hence, the function of JU81 is wishing.
d. Attribution to Social Styles
From directive type, there are four social styles found in Jimmy ’ utterances.
Expressive style has 31 utterances, driving has 22 utterances, amiable has 8 utterances, and analytical has only one utterances. Analytical and driving are two
examples which are discussed below. 1
Analytical Analytical style has critical behavior. They will not judge something directly
without confirming facts or data. Since analytical style has low assertiveness, they tend to ask rather than to tell when they express their thoughts. Excerpt 9 is an
example of analytical utterance and its function is asking.
[Excerpt 9] Scene 14 Context: Jimmy goes to find greaser gang to look for
Derby’s missing trophies. Jimmy meets some members of greaser gang.
Jimmy : Alright Vance, did y ou guys steal the preppies’ trophies? JU111
Vance : No way man. After the townies been saying all that stuff about Lola and made Johnny crazy, we don’t care about those stuck up jerks.
Before JU111 is uttered, Jimmy was accused by Derby that he stole preppy gang’s trophies. However, Jimmy denies it because he did not do it but then one of
preppy member, Gord, accused greaser gang for stealing their trophies. Jimmy did not want to jump to conclusion and directly agree with the preppies so he went to
verify the truth. Since Jimmy shows many utterances which are indicated as expressive, he does not directly accuse Vance, one of greaser gang, that he or his
gang steals any trophy. Jimmy utterance in JU111 shows that Jimmy is being critical. Moreover, even though directive speech act is a type which commit the
speaker to get the hearer to do something, Jimmy gets the hearer, Vance, to answer his question using analytical preference.
2 Driving
Driving style is a style which has high assertiveness compared to analytical and amiable. People who show driving style tend to be practical. Merill and Reid
1981 describe that driving people are “swift, efficient, and to the point” p. 62. In JU98
, Jimmy’s utterance was categorized into driving style. The function of JU98 is commanding. Excerpt 10 which is taken from scene 13 is presented below.
[Excerpt 10] Scene 13 Context: Jimmy visits boxing gym in town and he meets three preppies, Derby,
Gord, and Bif, who accuse him steal their trophies. Derby
: D on’t play innocent with us. I tried when father caught me with
nanny. He gave me a good thrashing and I’ve got half a mind to
give you one.
Jimmy : Hey, look, just get to the point. JU98
Derby : Someone stole our boxing trophies, buddy. They were heirlooms.
Derby is the leader of the preppy gang and he has been by Jimmy before. Derby’s status in school is supposed to be lower than Jimmy because Jimmy has
become the leader of all gangs in school. However, Derby is a rich spoiled student and he becomes talkative. In Excerpt 10, Jimmy shows that he commands Derby to
speak to the point. He expresses his assertiveness by telling the hearer, Derby, to talk directly without explaining unrelated topic.
From discussions on directive type, it can concluded that speech acts which are conveyed in directive type are expressed into varied mood types as in
representative type. However, compared to representatives, directives are identified in less utterances. Furthermore, some clues of four social styles correspond with
directive type such as critical behavior which shows analytical style and assertive and to-the-point behaviors which shows driving style.
3. Commissives
Commissive type occurs only in 9 utterances from 268 utterances. It has the lowest occurrence and percentage among other types of speech acts which is
3.36.There are only 4 functions found in the 9 utterances. They are promising, refusing, threatening, and volunteering. These functions are also the lowest among
other functions of speech act types see Figure 4.1. From 9 utterances, only two moods which are found: declarative and interrogative moods.
a. Declarative
Functions which are in form of declarative mood are promising, refusing, threatening, and volunteering. Two examples are taken from two different
functions. One function is promising act which occurs in 3 utterances. Another function is volunteering act which occurs in 1 utterances. An example of the
volunteering is taken from Scene 6 coded as JU67. [Excerpt 11] Scene 6
Context: All students who include in jock gang gather around the burnt gym. Mr. Burton, a gym teacher, is in panic calls Jimmy and blames him. Suddenly, someone
yells and asks for help from inside the gym. Juri
: Help Help I can’t breathe Mr. Burton
: What Who was that? Bo
: It’s Juri. There’s people trapped inside Bob
: I’m really scared. Mommy Jimmy
: Man, you guys are pathetic.
I’ll get them. JU67
Where’s the fire extinguisher?
JU67 is categorized as declarative mood because it contains a subject I and a finite will get. Specifically, JU67 is an exclamative clause. For the function, it
can be seen that the declarative mood in JU67 functions as volunteering. By uttering I’ll get them, the speaker tries to fit the world into the words through his act: saving
a trapped student. The hearers or the hearers in the Scene 6 do not ask Jimmy to act. Hence, by uttering JU67 Jimmy Hopkins clearly does an act of volunteering which
is addressed to Mr. Burton, Bo, and Bob. b. Interrogative
There are four utterances that include in threatening act but only one utterance is in form of interrogative mood. The utterance is found in Scene 23 and
coded as JU179. The excerpt and the analysis are presented in the following page. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
[Excerpt 12] of Scene 23 Context: Jimmy asks for Russell’s help to defeat the townie gang. After beating
members of the townie gang, Jimmy encounters the gang leader named Edgar. Edgar : grabs a big pipe
I’m gonna break your face This is going to be fun.
Jimmy : wins the fight against Edgar and takes over the pipe You had enough?
You want some more? JU178
Come on big guy You still think messing with me is a good idea?
Edgar : No, no, no. Jimmy’s utterance in JU178 is sorted into interrogative mood. The subject
you and the finite want are expressed in the utterance, although the inversion rule is not applied. Since JU178 is a yesno question, the subject and the finite
inversion is not necessary because the auxiliary verb do makes JU178 become interrogative mood. However, the auxiliary verb is not expressed in JU178 but it is
ellipsed instead. As seen in the context, Jimmy tries to beat townie gang and its leader. After
defeating Edgar, the leader of townie gang, Jimmy takes over the big pipe which Edgar used previously to hit Jimmy. While lifting and aiming the pipe to hit Edgar,
Jimmy utters JU178 to threat Edgar. Though the utterance form is interrogative mood, the speaker does not intend to ask a question to the hearer. Instead, the
speaker offers a threat which is combined with two actions: lifting and aiming a big pipe to hit the hearer. Hence, JU178 is included in commissives type specifically
threatening because the utterance in JU178 commits the speaker to do actions. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
c. Attribution to Social Styles
In commissive type, only two styles are found in Jimmy’s utterances. The
styles are driving and expressive. Two utterances are discussed to show findings about commissive type attributed to driving and expressive styles. The functions of
the two utterances are volunteering and threatening. 1
Driving Besides being swift, another behavior that driving style has is tough.
Utterance JU234 in Excerpt 13 is selected to be an example of directive type attributed to driving style. The function of the utterance is volunteering.
[Excerpt 13] Scene 6 Context: Jimmy is walking near the gym building when suddenly he sees crowd near
the building. Actually, the building is burnt and one of jock gang is trapped inside the building.
Bo
: It’s Juri. There’s people trapped inside
Bob :
I’m really scared. Mommy Jimmy
: Man, you guys are pathetic. I’ll get them. JU67
When Jimmy approaches the crowd, a gym teacher, Mr. Burton, calls him and accuses him for burning the gym because he cannot join a team in gym. While
arguing, suddenly they hear someone screaming from the burning gym. Students and even Mr. Burton who supposes holding responsible for gym building is doing
nothing but panic. Seeing that no one is brave enough to enter the gym, Jimmy volunteers to help the trapped students. Utterance JU67 shows that Jimmy has
driving behavior, swift and tough. He quickly decides what to do in such situation. He also bravely enters the burning gym to save one of jock’s members meanwhile
he was prejudiced previously. Hence, JU67 is uttered to show that Jimmy is committing an action to the future by volunteering and by doing that so, Jimmy
reveals his driving behavior. 2
Expressive Expressive style is only found in two utterances in commissive type see
Appendix 2. The two data in commissive type have one function: threatening. Both of them show reactive behavior. Excerpt 14 is discussed as an example for
expressive style in commissive act utterance.
[Excerpt 14] Scene 33 Context: Jimmy chases Gary to the school’s rooftop and Jimmy asks why Gary
causes riot at school and manipulates the principal to make Jimmy becomes black sheep of riot at school.
Gary : Because I can. Because making little people like you and the morons who
run this place eat out of the palm of my hand feels great …
Jimmy : You’re such a loser.
Gary : Well, at least my mom doesn’t make her living on her back.
Jimmy : You’re dead JU253
When Jimmy and Gary is arguing, Gary reveals the reason why he did manipulative and destructive actions. Jimmy then directly shows his reaction and
he insults Gary. Gary insults Jimmy back and Jimmy cannot take up the insult. Jimmy then threatens Gary by uttering JU253. Since threatening belongs to
commissive type, Jimmy commits to do act in the future. However, Jimmy does not mean to kill Gary literally. Instead, Jimmy runs toward Gary to beat him only and
that action is a part of his threat. Hence, Jimmy directly expresses his reactive behavior that belongs to expressive style.
