he was prejudiced previously. Hence, JU67 is uttered to show that Jimmy is committing an action to the future by volunteering and by doing that so, Jimmy
reveals his driving behavior. 2
Expressive Expressive style is only found in two utterances in commissive type see
Appendix 2. The two data in commissive type have one function: threatening. Both of them show reactive behavior. Excerpt 14 is discussed as an example for
expressive style in commissive act utterance.
[Excerpt 14] Scene 33 Context: Jimmy chases Gary to the school’s rooftop and Jimmy asks why Gary
causes riot at school and manipulates the principal to make Jimmy becomes black sheep of riot at school.
Gary : Because I can. Because making little people like you and the morons who
run this place eat out of the palm of my hand feels great …
Jimmy : You’re such a loser.
Gary : Well, at least my mom doesn’t make her living on her back.
Jimmy : You’re dead JU253
When Jimmy and Gary is arguing, Gary reveals the reason why he did manipulative and destructive actions. Jimmy then directly shows his reaction and
he insults Gary. Gary insults Jimmy back and Jimmy cannot take up the insult. Jimmy then threatens Gary by uttering JU253. Since threatening belongs to
commissive type, Jimmy commits to do act in the future. However, Jimmy does not mean to kill Gary literally. Instead, Jimmy runs toward Gary to beat him only and
that action is a part of his threat. Hence, Jimmy directly expresses his reactive behavior that belongs to expressive style.
From discussions on commissive type, it can be concluded that commissives have the lowest number among other speech act types. Speech functions of
commissives are expressed only in two mood types: declarative and interrogative moods. Furthermore, only two social styles are identified in utterances of
commissive type. The social styles are driving and expressive styles.
4. Expressives
Expressive type contains functions which are the same number with representative type. There are 17 functions which are expressed in 56 utterances.
This finding makes expressive type become the second highest percentage among other speech act types: 20.9 see Appendix 1. The functions which are found in
the 56 utterances are greeting, approving, complimenting, insulting, regretting, sympathizing, thanking, expressing disappointment, disbelief, disgust, dislike,
excitement, farewell, irony, satisfaction, shock, and upset. Only two mood types are found from the 56 utterances: declarative and interrogative moods.
a. Declarative
Expressing farewell is one of expressi ve type’s functions which are used as
an example for expressive type in declarative mood. The function occurs in Scene 8 expressing farewell. In Scene 8, JU77 is the utterance which expresses farewell.
An excerpt and an analysis of the two functions can be seen in Excerpt 15. [Excerpt 15] Scene 8
Context: Under an overpass in town, Jimmy, who happens to walk, sees Norton and Lola. Both of them are arguing about the missing Johnny. Jimmy asks them what
happened but Lola accuses Jimmy instead for causing Johnny disappear. Then, Jimmy asks Norton where Johnny was seen the last time. Norton says that he was
seen last time in his house but he was caught up by some asylum orderlies. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
Lola : He was a real leader… not like you Jimmy.
Jimmy : Look, I’ll get you your boy back, alright?
See you later, freaks. JU77
Jimmy’s utterance above shows an ellipsed clause. However, it is still a declarative mood. The subject of JU77 is ellipsed and based on the function which
is expressing farewell, the subject is I. Meanwhile, the finite is see. Thus, the full declarative clause of JU77 is I see you later, freaks.
In the conversation of Scene 8 in Excerpt 13, Jimmy utters JU77 to express farewell. He uses the reduced declarative mood because he speaks to the relatively
same-age hearer. The speaker of JU77 wants to end the conversation and directly do something which is being the case: finding the missing Johnny.
b. Interrogative
For interrogative mood, one function is used as an example to analyze expressive type in interrogative mood. The function is expressing disbelief. A scene
for the example is taken from Scene 23. In Excerpt 16, two utterances which were selected are JU185 and JU228.
[Excerpt 16] Scene 23 Context: After defeating Edgar in the factory plant area, Jimmy asks Edgar the
reason why Edgar beat up many Bullworth students. Edgar : Awww man, I hate that school. My parent
s couldn’t afford to send me there and now I’m stuck in this dump of a town. Gary said we’d make them
all pay. Jimmy : Wait
a second… Gary?
That backstabbing two-faced sociopath put you up to this? JU185
The utterance in JU185 is another example which contains ellipsis. In the utterance, it can be seen that the subject that backstabbing two-faced sociopath
and the finite put are expressed but they are not inverted. Hence, the type of interrogative mood of JU185 is yesno question. The ellipsed part of JU185 is
auxiliary verb does. Thus, the full clause of JU185 is does that backstabbing two- faced sociopath put you up to this?
From JU185, Jimmy expresses obvious disbelief because he repeats information from the hearer twice. The previous utterance, JU184, is the first
repetition and it expresses shock see JU184 in Appendix. The speaker reconfirms the hearer about a name that the hearer said before. In JU185, the same information
is uttered, although the information is emphasized by adding more information. The speaker exaggerates his disbelief by adding that backstabbing two-faced sociopath
instead of directly repeating the word Gary. Thus, JU185 is categorized as expressing disbelief because the utterance indicates the speaker’s psychological
state in sincere condition. c.
Attribution to Social Styles In expressive type, all social styles can be found in Jimmy
Hopkins’ utterances. However, each style occurs differently in different number of utterances.
Expressive style itself is expressed in 51 utterances in expressive speech act type. Meanwhile, other styles do not have number as high as expressive style see
Appendix 2. Two social styles are selected to be samples for expressive type attributed to social styles. The styles are analytical and expressive styles. The
discussions can be found in the following page. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
1 Analytical
Similar with analytical style which is expressed in directives, utterances of expressive type which are classified into analytical style are also show critical
behavior. Two utterances of Jimmy Hopkins which are labeled JU112 and JU113 are discussed as samples for expressive type attributed to analytical style. The
utterances are taken from scene 14. [Excerpt 17] Scene 14
Context: Jimmy goes to find greaser gang to look for Derby’s missing trophies.
Jimmy meets some members of greaser gang. Vance : No way man. After the townies been saying all that stuff about Lola
and made Johnny crazy, we don’t care about those stuck up jerks.
Jimmy : The townies? JU112 Really?
JU113 The two utterances in Excerpt 17, JU112 and JU113, belong to expressives
and their function is expressing disbelief. Expressive type is a speech act type which expresses the psychological state of a speaker sincerely. Previously, Jimmy has
asked Vance whether he or his gang steals Derby’s trophies or not. Vance has
explained to Jimmy and he gives Jimmy information that the thieves are the townies, a gang whose members are students who has been dropped out from
Bullworth Academy. However, Jimmy does not believe what Vance has said directly. He still needs further information. He expresses his psychological state
that he does not fully believe what the hearer said. Hence, Jimmy shows his critical behavior by expressing disbelief in his utterances in JU112 and JU113. Those
utterances express disbelief function which belongs to expressive type. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
2 Expressive
In this part, an example is presented to discuss expressive style in expressive type of speech acts. The function of the utterance is insulting. It is taken from Scene
17 and the utterance is labeled as JU137. Based on expressive style clues in Appendix 4, utterance JU137 is identified as reactive behavior. The discussion can
be found in Excerpt 18.
[Excerpt 18] Scene 17 Context: Jimmy is summoned to
Principal’s office and he is accused for being a vandal. Dr. Crabblesnitch, principal in Bullworth Academy, implies that Jimmy is
expelled from school then Jimmy reacts to the principal’s accusation. Jimmy
:
This place is a dump and you’re a big-nosed freak. JU137
This school rewards losers and bullies. I just stand up to them.
Dr. Crabblesnitch : You painted obscene graffiti on the town hall, boy. I have it on good authority it was you.
From Excerpt 18, Jimmy expresses his psychological state or his feeling by uttering an insult toward Bullworth’s principal, Dr. Crabblesnitch. He insults the
principal because he is angry toward the principal. Reacting in anger manner is a way to show anger. It is the psychological state that is sincerely expressed by
Jimmy. The principal has expelled him because Jimmy has been well known as a vandal. By uttering JU137, Jimmy expresses his anger by insulting in reactive
manner. From expressive type discussions, it can be concluded that expressive type
is the second number of speech act types found in Jimmy Hopkins’ utterances after
representative type. However, the mood of expressive-type utterances are not as varied as representatives. The type is only expressed through two mood types. The
