with some students that have been beaten by Edgar previously. However, the addressee of the complaint is clearly the prefect who tackles Jimmy and takes his
slingshot, although the prefect leaves Jimmy to run away from Russell. d.
Attribution to Social Styles In representatives, four styles of social style, amiable, analytical, driving,
and expressive, are found in Jimmy Hopkins’ utterances see Appendix 1.
Expressive style which was indicated in 131 utterances dominates Jimmy Hopkins ’
social style over other styles such as amiable style which was only expressed in 3 utterances in two speech act functions: confirming and guessing see Appendix 2.
Two samples of utterances in Excerpt 4 and 5 are elaborated to represent the findings of social styles in representative type. The samples are taken from
representative type and the sample utterances express amiable and expressive styles.
1 Amiable
People with amiable style tend to express their feelings but not as assertive as expressive style. They are likely unsure. An utterance which is identified as
amiable behavior is discussed in Excerpt 4. [Excerpt 4] Scene 22
Context: Jimmy and Zoe are in front of townie gang’s hideout inside the factory.
Jimmy :
I don’t think I can beat all of them. JU176
Zoe : Hang on Jimmy… You’ll see.
Zoe talks to townie gang members to distract them so that Jimmy can enter the hideout.
In Excerpt 4, Jimmy Hopkins is trying to conquer townie gang in townies’
hideout. Previously, he went to the townies’ hideout with Russell, but Russell was PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
busy running away from a cop car. Then Zoe suddenly approaches Jimmy and helps him look for townies’ hideout. However, Jimmy becomes unsure when he sees
many townies guarding their hideout gate. Jimmy’s utterance in JU176 is
categorized as representative and the speech function is guessing. Representative is a speech act type which the speaker utters something that he or she thinks it is true.
Hence, people who easily emote their feelings and thoughts such as expressive and amiable are assumed to have more representatives in their utterances than analytical
and driving style. However, amiable and expressive styles express their feelings and thoughts differently. Amiable person tends to be unsure, conforming, pliable,
or awkward in expressing their feelings and thought. Meanwhile expressive person can be manipulative, excitable, or reacting in showing their feelings and thoughts.
Jimmy guesses according to the fact that many townies are bigger than him and they makes Jimmy unsure. Meanwhile, before reaching this situation, Jimmy has
beaten a lot of bullies in his school. Hence, uttering that utterance expresses amiable behavior in Jimmy Hopkins.
2 Expressive
One behavioral preference of expressive style is that expressive people have high tendency to be reactive compared to other style. In Jimmy
Hopkins’ utterances in representative type, Jimmy utters 131 representative acts which were categorized
into expressive style. Among many speech functions in representative type, utterances which express acknowledging and complaining functions show that
Jimmy is reactive and enthusiastic. The following example gives further explanation about
Jimmy’s reactive behavior. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
[Excerpt 5] Scene 11 Context: Jimmy is walking around the town when suddenly he passes a house and
the owner, Zoe, is standing there and feeling insulted because Jimmy looks at her. Zoe realizes that Jimmy is from Bullworth and she suddenly tells Jimmy the reason
why she got kicked from Bullworth. Zoe
: Let’s just say Mr. Burton is a dirty creep. Jimmy
: Seriously I would love to teach that guy a lesson.
JU89 He bullies everyone.
JU90
Expressive person will eventually speaks his or her opinion based on his or her feelings but not based on facts or data. Moreover, representative is a speech act
type that emphasizes the truth of an utterance but the truth is merely based on facts or data.
It can be from the speaker’s perspective. From JU89, Jimmy acknowledges to Zoe that a teacher named Mr. Burton is not a nice teacher and he shows his
enthusiastic feeling by wanting to do something bad for Mr. Burton to teach that
guy a lesson. Then in JU90, he also complains to Zoe the reason why he does not
like Mr. Burton. The utterance that Jimmy utters in JU90 shows that Jimmy is reactive since expressive person does not hesitate to give their reaction to other
people. In sum, representative type is the highest number of other speech act types
since it covers the most utterances of Jimmy Hopkins. Representative type has 17 speech functions which are expressed in three different mood types. Furthermore,
four social styles are attributed to representative type.
2. Directives
Directive type is found in 62 utterances. The percentage of directive type is 23.13. Hence, directive type is the second highest type compared to other types.
In the directive type, there are 10 functions found. Asking and commanding occur most frequently: asking occurs at 26 utterances and commanding occurs at 23
utterances. Moreover, all three moods are found in directive type. For data analysis, three data examples are taken from three different acts or functions. The acts that
become examples are requesting, daring, and wishing. a.
Declarative One of
Jimmy’s utterances which contains directive type is JU225 in Scene 29. The function that is expressed in JU225 is requesting. Generally, requesting
function takes interrogative form. However, requesting is not merely in an interrogative form. Declarative mood can also be used for expressing a request.
JU225, as seen in Excerpt 6, is a sample of requesting function which takes a form of declarative mood.
[Excerpt 6] Scene 29 Context: The scene takes place in the library when the school is in riot condition.
The library is one of the nerd gang headquarters. Jimmy and Russell enter the library to seek help from Jock gang to stop riot in the school. However, in the
library, the jock gang burns library facilities such as chairs, tables and books. A jock : HA HA HA This is the best
Jimmy : Ted, I need you to help me. JU225 Ted
: Get lost Jimmy You ain’t nothing
The utterance of JU225 is a declarative mood. It has the two requirements of declarative mood: having a subject and a finite. The subject of the utterance is I
and the finite is need. In the Scene 29, Jimmy seeks for help and he directly utters his intention to the hearer, Ted. The utterance I need you to help me has many
possible functions. However, the context of the utterance indicates that the function PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
of JU225 is requesting function. If JU225 is classified into other functions such as commanding and ordering, JU225 does not fit into those two functions. Ordering is
an act which an utterance tends to be an obligation to be done because the speaker has authority or power above the hearer.
In Scene 1 see Appendix 5, Jimmy has beaten all gang leaders in the school and it makes him has power upon any students. Even though Jimmy has power upon
any students, his intention is not to order Ted, the jock leader. On the other side, if JU225 is classified into commanding, it is not suitable since commanding has less
force compared to ordering. Furthermore, Jimmy has a higher stratum than other students. Nevertheless,
Jimmy’s utterance in JU225 is a requesting act because the speaker uses declarative mood instead of imperative e.g. You help me to stop the
riot. In addition, the speaker tries to get the hearer to do something which in this case is to make the hearer help the speaker. Hence, the function of JU225 is
requesting. b.
Interrogative For interrogative mood, daring is chosen as a sample. To dare someone,
declarative utterances are commonly used. However, it is not always obligatory. In Excerpt 7, Jimmy dares someone using interrogative mood. The utterance is taken
from Scene 17 coded as JU141. The excerpt of Scene 17 is presented below. [Excerpt 7] Scene 17
Context: The scene is situated in principal’s office. Jimmy is summoned by the principal because there is a student who reports to the principal about him being a
vandal. Dr. Crabblesnitch
: You painted obscene graffiti on the town hall, boy. I have it on good authority it was you.
Jimmy : Oh yeah?
Then who squealed? JU141
Tell me that. Dr. Crabblesnitch
: a commendable pupil did feel the need to tell me you were responsible for this outrage.
JU141 is an utterance which belongs to interrogative mood. Specifically, it includes in wh-subject see The Mood System in Chapter 2 Figure 3.1. The
utterance is a wh-question since the subject and the finite of the utterance are not inverted and it uses a wh-question word who. The word who is uttered to ask for
the subject of the finite squealed. Instead of functioning as asking a question, JU141 is categorized into daring.
The speaker directs the hearer forcefully to tell the speaker about a secret information. Using interrogative mood, Jimmy dares Dr. Crabblesnitch, the
principal. As a student, he knows the principal protects the student who reports him to the principal.
c. Imperative
Besides wishing, other functions which take form of imperative mood in directive type are commanding, ordering, inviting, begging, daring, and
challenging. For imperative mood, an example is taken from Scene 10 coded as JU81. The function of JU81 is wishing. The discussion can be seen in Excerpt 8.
[Excerpt 8] Scene 10 Context: In the previous scene, Jimmy helps Johnny, the leader of greaser gang, to
escape from an asylum in the town. In this scene, Jimmy and Johnny succeed to escape from the asylum and have a little talk outside the asylum.
Johnny
: Yeah… Anyways, I gotta find Lola, see if it’s true or not. See ya’. Jimmy
: All right Johnny…
Have fun. JU81
JU81 is an utterance which indicates imperative mood. Based on the mood system in Chapter 2, JU81 is classified into regular imperative jussive specifically
unmarked imperative. It is imperative because it contains an ‘unmarked’ second person singular subject you and an expressed finite have.
In the Scene 10 see Appendix 3, Johnny is furious and goes a little crazy because he finds out his girlfriend cheated on him with some of the local kids. That
is the reason why he is caught and brought to the asylum. In the excerpt of Scene 10, Johnny says he wants to clarify his problem with his girlfriend. Jimmy utters
JU81 as a wish to Johnny so that he can find any ‘fun’ thing or something that
makes him happy from his plan to get a clarification. Hence, the function of JU81 is wishing.
d. Attribution to Social Styles
From directive type, there are four social styles found in Jimmy ’ utterances.
Expressive style has 31 utterances, driving has 22 utterances, amiable has 8 utterances, and analytical has only one utterances. Analytical and driving are two
examples which are discussed below. 1
Analytical Analytical style has critical behavior. They will not judge something directly
without confirming facts or data. Since analytical style has low assertiveness, they tend to ask rather than to tell when they express their thoughts. Excerpt 9 is an
example of analytical utterance and its function is asking.
[Excerpt 9] Scene 14 Context: Jimmy goes to find greaser gang to look for
Derby’s missing trophies. Jimmy meets some members of greaser gang.
