Types of Speech Acts based on The Way They Are Delivered

80 This is another datum of direct speech acts. Prep 2 Nice trophy... here, let me see... JH : Hey Give me that back Ri : Hey Jimmy, you want some help handling those losers? 173DiDir2-22 The dialogue above happens among Jimmy, Rico and the Prep. The setting is in the bicycle shop. Jimmy is entering the shop while Rico is talking with the shop keeper about his new bike concept. Jimmy is coming for his trophy of his winning on the bike race. The shop keeper is handing over the trophy to Jimmy when suddenly the preps come and spoil the situation. The preps are stealing the trophy. Jimmy directly commands them to give the trophy back. Jimmy employs a direct speech act to express directive act. The prep ignores the order and runs away with the trophy. Jimmy and Rico are chasing after them. This one is another example of direct speech acts found in Bully video game. Eggs Clerk : Thank you Thank you Jeez, that dumb kids really strong. R : Dumb? JH : Hey … be good, be good. 178DiDir2-23 The setting of the datum above is in front of the egg market. The character in the dialogue are Jimmy, eggs clerk, and Russel. Russel is mad at the eggs clerk, because he calls him dumb. Russel lifts the man up and bullies him. Jimmy passes by and the eggs clerk asks Jimmy for helping him. Jimmy tries to comfort Russel down. Jimmy also suggests him to be good. Jimmy employs a directive act by suggesting Russel to behave. Jimmy directly asks Russel to calm down and be good. Russel follows Jimmy ’s suggestion and he is able to control himself. 81 The other type of speech acts based on the directness found in Bully video game is indirect speech acts. Indirect speech acts are the types of speech acts that are using secondary expression or indirect expression as the way to deliver the intention to the listener. The speaker indirectly expresses his or her action to the listener. The frequency of indirect speech acts found in Bully video game are 21 times or 9.7 from total 216 data. This type of speech act needs further understanding of its structures or the felicity conditions delivered along with the production of speech acts. There are four felicity conditions of speech acts that need to be full-filled for speech acts to be successfully performed. The conditions are preparatory conditions, propositional content conditions, sincerity conditions, and essential conditions. The examples of indirect speech acts found in Bully video game are discussed as follows. Eggs Clerk : Too bad, too bad. Was it that jerks Tad? Jimmy Nod you know his parents are at party at boss’s house right now. If you wanted a revenge thing. Now would be a good time. JH : I guess, ill need some more eggs then. Eggs Clerk : Ah yes, you got it. 181InDRep-Dir2-23 The dialogue above is between Jimmy and the eggs clerk in front of his shop. Eggs clerk is being bullied by Russel. He asks Jimmy for helping him to calm Russel down. The eggs clerk tells Jimmy that this time is good to make a revenge to the rich guy. Jimmy states that he needs some more eggs. Jimmy employs a direct representative act of stating. The propositional content condition is the condition when Jimmy wants to revenge in future action. The preparatory conditions are the conditions where Jimmy is able to revenge and where he needs 82 eggs to revenge. The sincerity condition is the condition when Jimmy is willing to do the revenge. The essential condition is Jimmy ’s attempt on the revenge. However, the preparatory condition of the act of stating above indicates the act of requesting. The preparatory conditions become the conditions where Jimmy needs eggs to do the revenge and where the eggs clerk has the eggs. the sincerity condition becomes the eggs clerk’s ability to fulfill Jimmy’s request. Therefore, the essential condition is the conditions where the eggs clerk provides Jimmy with eggs to egg the rich boy house. It shows the datum above contain two kinds of speech acts. They are a direct act of stating and an indirect act of requesting. This is another example of indirect speech acts found in Bully video game. JH : How much? M : Ten groats... JH : What? M : I mean, ten bucks... JH : Wait here … 86InDDir-Com1-12 The dialogue above is between Jimmy and Melvin. The setting is in front of the school library. Melvin has been thinking about his stolen character sheets when Jimmy appears. He tells Jimmy about his problem. He asks Jimmy to retrieve the lost sheets and he will give reward to Jimmy ten groats. Hearing the offer, again Jimmy asks him to clarify it. Melvin then corrects it as ten bucks. Jimmy agrees with the offer. Jimmy commands him to wait there. Jimmy employs a directive act of command by telling Melvin to wait. The propositional content condition is the condition when Melvin is waiting for Jimmy to take over his character sheets. The preparatory conditions are the conditions when Melvin is able to wait for Jimmy and the condition when Jimmy is able to get the sheets back. The sincere 83 condition is the condition when Melvin is willing to do the command. The essential condition is Melvin ’s attempt in waiting for Jimmy. The preparatory condition of the command above is related to the act of agreeing. The condition when Jimmy is able to get the sheets back is the preparatory condition of the act of agreeing. The proposition content condition will be the condition when Jimmy agrees with the offer. The sincere condition is the condition when Jimmy is willing to get the sheet back. The essential condition is Jimmy ’s attempts in getting the sheet back. The datum above contains two types of speech acts. They are a direct act of commanding and an indirect act of agreeing. The following datum is another example of indirect speech acts. JH : Did you say you’re waiting for Derby? Pi : Yes, I don’t really like him, but he’s my cousin and our family wants us to get married, you know keep up the tradition. JH : Wait – marry your cousin? Pi : You know, it used to be brother and sister until it was made illegal. My aunt has four thumbs 154InDDir-Exp2-20 The conversation above occurs between Jimmy and Pinky in front of the Cinema. Pinky is waiting for a date with Derby, but he does not show up. Jimmy is asking if Pinky is waiting for Derby. She confirms it because the family wants them to get married. Jimmy asks Pinky about the arrangement. Jimmy employs a direct questioning act. The propositional content conditions are the conditions when Pinky is waiting for Derby and the condition when she is going to marry her cousin. The preparatory condition is the condition where Pinky is able to answer Jimmy ’s question. The sincere condition is the condition when Pinky is willing to answer the question. The essential condition is the condition when Pinky answers 84 Jimmy ’s question. However, the propositional content condition of the questioning act above also refers to the act of stating surprise. The preparatory condition is the condition when Jimmy does not believe in Pinky ’s explanation. The sincere condition is the condition when Jimmy is willing to state his surprise toward Pinky. The essential condition is the condition when Jimmy indirectly expresses his surprise. The datum above consists of two acts. They are a direct act of questioning and an indirect act of stating surprise. In Bully video game, there are four out five types of speech acts based on Sea rle’s classification. Directives are mostly used, especially directive acts of questioning and directive acts of commanding. After that, there are representatives and expressives. They are followed by commissives. Thus, it implies the main character tendency in using directive acts as his way to deliver his actions through language. Jimmy directs other characters to do the action that he prefers. He often uses directive act of questioning to gain information. It implies that he is not aware of his surroundings. The ways the main characters deliver speech acts are divided into two types. They are direct speech acts and indirect speech acts. Direct speech acts hold the most frequency found in the game. The main character does not like to express his intention indirectly. He avoids being complicated. 85

CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS

This chapter consists of two sections. The first section is conclusion which presents the summary of the research findings related to the formulation and objectives of the research. The second section is suggestions which consist of some suggestions intended for students, and other researchers. Each section is presented as follows.

A. Conclusion

The phenomenon of speech acts in Bully chapters I and II video game has been examined. Based on the findings and discussion of the research two conclusions can be drawn as follows. 1. There are 216 data of speech acts found in Bully chapters I and II video game. The findings of the research show four out of five types of speech acts based on Searle’s classification found in the game. These types are representatives, directives, commissives, and expressives. The type of speech act which is not found in the data is declaration. Declarations need a special condition to perform since the performer has to hold authority. However, the main character in the game is only an ordinary student. Thus, he cannot perform any declaration acts. The highest number of occurrence is held by directives with total 103 out of 216 data or 47.7, followed by representatives and expressives with each total 50 out of 216 data or 23.15. Last is commissives which only occurs 13 out of 216 data or 6. 86 The main character ’s dominance in applying directives especially questioning and commanding, shows the main character ’s tendency to deliver his action using other character ’s abilities. Jimmy directs other characters to perform a future action that suits his words. He uses a lot of questions to gather information. Thus, Jimmy does not understand his surroundings well. Furthermore, the main character represents his outer and inner world equally by using the representatives and expressives. The findings show that Jimmy uses both representatives and expressives in the same number. In using representatives, Jimmy is able to suit his words with actual world occur around him. In using expressives, Jimmy can express his feeling of the world around him through his words. However, commissives are being used the least. Jimmy is unlikely to commit himself to perform other ’s favor. 2. The way the main character delivers his acts are divided into two types. They are direct speech acts and indirect speech acts. The findings show direct speech acts hold the highest frequency with total 195 out of 216 data found in the game, or about 90.2. On the other hand, indirect speech acts only occur 21 out of 216 data or 9.8. Thus, the main character in the game tends to use direct speech acts to deliver his actions. Jimmy expresses his intention baldly through his language. He does not like being complicated. He means what he says and he says what he means.

B. Suggestions

Considering the conclusion given, the researcher proposes some suggestions as follows.