Focus of the Research

4 environment. In order to limit focus and context of the study, the researcher thinks it is sufficient to take the data from these chapters. There are some problems found when the researcher analyzing the game. First is speech acts. There are three related acts which are divided into locutionary, illocutionary, and perlocutionary act. Locutionary act is the act of saying something. Illocutionary act is what one does in saying it. Perlocutionary act is the desired effect by saying it. Based on Searle’s classifications in Yule 1996:53-54, there are five types of general functions of speech acts. They are declaratives, representatives, expressives, directives, and commissives. The way speech acts delivered are divided in to two types. They are direct speech acts, and indirect speech acts. Direct speech acts deliver action directly through language, while indirect speech acts perform act implicitly which leads the listener to have deeper interpretation about the speaker intention. Second is the context of the utterances. Context is the physical or social setting that becomes the background knowledge to interpret speakers ’ intentions. The listener must understand the context of the dialogues in order to decrease the possibility of miss interpretations. Context helps the listener to interpret the implied meaning of the speaker’s utterances. Third is the way the speaker and the listener cooperate or flout maxims in communication. A good communication must follow the rule of cooperative principles as how communication must be done. Cooperative principles will lead to cooperative communication in which the information delivered is relevant, 5 informative, right and perspicuous. However, in communication sometimes speaker breaks the cooperative principles and flouts the cooperative maxims that cause unclear information. Last is deixis or in Greek language means pointing via language. In conversation deictic expression often occurs and the interpretation depends on the speaker and listener who shares the same context. According to Yule 1998:9-14, there are three types of deixis. They are person deixis, spatial deixis, and temporal deixis. The use of deixis is important since it points clear aspects of utterance that needs to be inferred from the context. From the identifications above there are some pragmatic characteristics found in Bully video game. It is impossible for the researcher to explain all of them since limitation of time and researcher ’s skill in analyzing the topics. In order to keep the research focus, this research emphasizes on two points that will be studied. They are the types and the directness of speech act. Based on the identification and limitation of problems, the formulation of the research are formulated as follows: 1. what are the types of speech acts based on Searle’s classifications found in dialogues from the main character in Bully video game? 2. what are types of speech acts based on the way speech acts delivered in Bully video game? 6

C. Objectives of the Research

Based on the focus of the research discussed above, the objectives can be formulated as follows: 1. to describe the types of speech acts based on Searle’s classifications found in dialogues from the main character in Bully video game. 2. to describe the types of speech acts based on the way speech acts delivered in Bully video game.

D. Significance of the Research

The results of this research are expected to give contribution to theoretical and practical use of language: 1. Theoretical Contribution By conducting this study, it is hoped that the finding will enrich comprehension and understanding of pragmatics, especially about speech acts. It is also expected to give additional reference to other researchers in pragmatics who are interested in analyzing speech acts. 2. Practical Contribution a. The English Department This research is expected to give contribution to the study of linguistics, especially pragmatics. b. The Readers This research hopefully gives more understanding to readers about pragmatics especially speech acts. 7

CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

A. Literature Review

This chapter presents theories used in this study. It includes pragmatics, scope of pragmatics, speech acts , Austin and Searle’s categorization of speech acts, felicity conditions, types of speech acts based on the way they are delivered, and Bully video game as the object of the research.

1. Pragmatics

a. Definition The study of language is called linguistics as it concerns with language phenomenon including its form, sound, and the way a speaker produces it in communication. Communication cannot be separated from its context. Context is needed to study language in use. Pragmatics studies language in context. According to Yule 1996:3, pragmatics is the study of meaning in particular context. It studies more about what speakers mean by their utterances in the interpretation of the particular context and how the context influences what is said. Thus, pragmatics is also called the study of contextual meaning. In addition, Yule 1996:4 also explains the relationship among other areas of linguistics study, namely syntax, semantics, and pragmatics. Syntax studies the linguistic forms that generally take place without considering any world of reference. Semantics studies the relationship between linguistic form and the entities in the world or how words connect to things regardless of who produces