Types of Speech Acts Based on Searle’s Classification

34 represent their internal psychological world. Declarations are the act of uttering the words that change the world. Based on the findings of the research there are some types of speech acts based on the Searle’s classification found in the data. The findings of these types of speech acts based on Searle’s classification found in Bully video game are presented in Table 2. Table 2. Types of Speech Acts B ased on Searle’s Classification Found in Bully Video Game No. Types Frequency Percentage 1. Representatives a. Reporting b. Confirming c. Arguing d. Informing e. Explaining f. Stating g. Lying h. Convincing i. Predicting j. Describing 50 3 13 11 4 8 5 1 3 1 1 23.14 1.39 6.02 5.09 1.85 3.70 2.31 0.46 1.39 0.46 0.46 2. Directives a. Questioning b. Requesting c. Warning d. Commanding e. Insisting f. Inviting g. Suggesting h. Negotiating 103 59 8 2 18 1 6 8 1 47.68 27.31 3.70 0.93 8.33 0.46 2.78 3.70 0.46 3. Commissives a. Agreeing b. Promising c. Threatening 13 11 1 1 6.01 5.09 0.46 0.46 4. Expressives a. Complaining b. Insulting c. Thanking d. Boasting e. Greeting 50 1 7 2 2 7 23.14 0.46 3.24 0.93 0.93 3.24 35 f. Complimenting g. Stating Apathy h. Stating Disappointment i. Stating Impression j. Stating Irony k. Stating Relief l. Stating Disgust m. Stating Surprise n. Stating Dislike o. Stating Diffidence 3 8 4 4 2 1 3 3 3 1 1.39 3.70 1.85 1.85 0.93 0.46 1.39 1.39 1.39 0.46 Total 216 100 From the table above there are four out of five types of speech acts found. Those types of speech acts are representatives, directives, commissives, and expressives. The types are based on Searle’s classification found in the data of Bully video game. There are total 36 kinds of illocutionary force and total 216 speech acts found. There are 10 kinds of illocutionary force of representatives with the total of 50 data or 23.2 found in the game. They are reporting, confirming, arguing, informing, explaining, stating, lying, convincing, predicting and describing. Next, there are directives with 8 kinds of illocutionary force. They are questioning, requesting, warning, commanding, insisting, inviting, suggesting and negotiating. Directives hold the highest occurrence above all types of speech acts found in the data with total 103 or 47.5. Next, Commissives have only 3 kinds of illocutionary force. They are agreeing, promising and threatening. Commissives occur in 13 data or 6.1 of speech acts which are found in the data. The last is expressives, with 15 kinds of illocutionary force found in the data. They are complaining, insulting, thanking, boasting, greeting, 36 complimenting, stating apathy, stating disappointment, stating impression, stating irony, stating relieve, stating disgust, stating surprise, stating dislike and stating diffident. Expressives have the total of 50 data or 23.2 occurrences of speech acts. There is one type of speech act that was not found in the data. It is declaration or the act that change the world via utterances. This act requires the speaker to have authority to perform it. Since the main character in Bully video game does not have the authority to perform it, he cannot use the declaration speech acts.

2. Speech Acts Based on the Way They Are Delivered

There are two ways of delivering speech acts. Based on the way they are delivered, they are direct and indirect speech acts. Direct speech acts are the way of delivering speech acts directly using the exact expression and literal meaning according to the force or action intended by the speaker. The listener will directly understand the meaning or the intended action of the speaker without the needs of understanding the deep features of speech acts. Indirect speech acts are the way of expressing speech acts using secondary expression. The speaker delivers their action indirectly using similar or even distinctive expression from the exact meaning. The listener needs to be aware of what is said by the speaker since this kind of speech act is not clearly stated. By analyzing the felicity condition, this kind of speech act can be uncovered. 37 Both of these types of speech acts are found in the data in Bully video game. The findings of these types of speech acts based on the directness are presented in the Table 3. Table 3. The Way Speech Acts Delivered by the Main Character in Bully Video Game No. Types of Speech Act Based on Directness Frequency Percentage 1. Direct Speech Act 195 90.3 2. Indirect Speech Act 21 9.7 Total 216 100 These types of speech acts and the direct and indirect speech acts will be explained in the following section.

B. Discussion

The researcher analyzes the phenomena of pragmatics especially speech acts which are performed in Bully video game. There are two points of discussion present. The first point discusses the types of speech acts based on Searle’s classification. The second point discusses the way speech acts are delivered.

1. Types of Speech Acts based on Searle’s Classification

The findings of the data presents that there are four kinds of speech acts based on Searle’s classification performed by the main character in Bully video game. They are representatives, directives, commissives, and expressives. Declaratives were not found in the interaction among the character, because the main character has no privileges to perform them. The types of speech acts based on Searle’s classification are discussed in detailed analysis as follows.