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CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW
This chapter presents the underlying theory, which supports the discussion of this thesis. In analyzing the problem, the writer uses psychological approaches,
Adler’s individual psychological theory and Maslow’s theory of needs. They can be used as a theoretical framework to analyze the
character’s personality.
In order to make the theory easier to understand, the writer provides several aspects of the theory. The elaboration consists of the Notion of Individual
Psychology, Basic Assumption of Individual Psychology, Theory of Needs and Theoretical Application.
A. Notions of Individual Psychology
According to Adler as quoted by Ryckman 1985: 95, Individual Psychology is a science that attempts to understand the experiences and behavior
of each person as an organized entity. He believes that all actions are consciously unconsciously are
guided by a person’s fundamental attitudes. Adler in Hjelle and Ziegler, 1982: 141 believes that the purpose of a personality theory should be
to function as a reasonable and useful guide for counselors and ultimately for everyone, in affecting the healthy behavior of psychology. As stated by Adler in
Feist, 1985: 64, Individual Psychology insists on the fundamental unity of
personality. All apparent dichotomies and multiplicities of life are
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organized in one-self consistent totally. No definite division can be made between mind and body, between conscious and unconscious, or
between reason and emotion. All behavior is seen in relation to the final goal of the superiority of success. This gives direction and unity to the
individual.
Adler in Hjelle and Ziegler 1992: 139 portrays the human being as single, invisible, self-consistent and unfired. Adler makes consciousness of the center of
personality, which makes him as a pioneer in the development of an ego-oriented psychology. He is aware of the reason of consciousness of human being for his
behavior. He is aware of his inferiorities and conscious of the goals for which he strives. More than that, he is a self-conscious individual who is capable of
planning and guiding his actions with a full awareness of their meaning for his own self-realization Hall and Lindzey, 1981: 121.
In his earliest writings, he writes that the final goal of our struggle was to be aggressive and all-powerful, dominating others. Humans were seen as selfish and
concerned only with ambition, Adler revised his thinking and claimed that the final goals are to be superior Ryckman, 1985: 95.
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