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than the sentence, or higher than another unit of text. The preceding quotation informs discourse as a structure which is greater in size than a
sentence. It is the next level in a hierarchy of morphemes, clause and sentences. Briefly, it is language above the sentence or above the clause.
Discourse analysis is often used in social practice. It can be used to give information, to express a point of view, to shape opinion, to provide
entertainment and so on. These functions, furthermore, are frequently combined in complex ways: a travel guide, for example, may provide
information, but is also designed to promote the attractions it describes; and what is presented as a factual account in a newspaper article will usually
reflect, and promote, a particular point of view. The activity of discourse analysis will produce text analysis. Widdowson 200:6 said whether simple
or complex, all texts are language uses which are produced with the intention of referring to something for some purposes. The texts which are produced in
discourse analysis refer to something for a certain purpose. In other words, they have to make sense.
2.2. Discourse and text
Discourse and text are very important in a communicative event. To communicate, people should transfer messages through the process of
encoding and decoding. The process of encoding and decoding occur in a certain channel of communication. The channel can be written or spoken
channel. However, based on the perspective of systemic functional linguistics language is known as social semiotic. It is the production and
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exchange of meaning. In other words, it is the interaction relationship between messages and people to produce meaning. To produce meaning,
people should produce text. Text is one of the social semiotic components. Widdowson 2007:6 states that in communicative event we have to interpret
the text as a discourse that makes sense to them. The discourse which is produced should have sense, therefore, the purpose is known by the listener.
Nunan 1993:5 describes that the terms discourse and text are synonyms. Some people argue that discourse is language in action.
Basically, text, in its physical sense, does not contain meaning, but is used to mediate it across discourses. The mediation is relatively
straightforward, that is, what texts mean to the reader will generally match up with what the producer of the text mean by it. When such mediation occurs
successfully in communication, the speaker and the listener will each get the point of the transferred messages. However, the text or discourse which is
produced should be meaningful. Nunan 1994:6 describes that discourse is language which is meaningful and occurs in a certain context. The text which
is produced is not dependent on the length of the sentence; however, single word can also be called text when the meaning conveyed by the text is
meaningful. Consider the following: ‘STOP’ and ‘GO’. Each of these utterances consists of single word. However, the meaning is complete for
each utterance. Therefore, each utterance consists of single word; it can be called a text due to the complete meaning. Derewianka 1990:17 defines a
text as meaningful stretch of language – oral or written. The above utterances
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are meaningful although the utterances consist of one word. However, texts are structured in different ways to achieve their purposes. For example, the
purpose of instruction is to tell someone how to do or make something. Every kind of text in every language is meaningful because it can be
related to interaction among speakers, and ultimately to ordinary everyday spontaneous conversation. Again, it is very important to know that every text
which is produced should have meaning. Halliday and Hasan 1994:10 describe that a text is essentially a semantic unit. A semantic unit means a
text has a certain meaning. The important thing about the nature of a text is that it is made of words and sentences; and it is really made of meaning.
Halliday and Matthiesen 1999:1 said that the information which is transferred is treated as meaning rather than as knowledge. Text which is
produced consists of information which is treated as meaning
2.3. Spoken and Written Texts
