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CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1. Discourse and Discourse Analysis
The term discourse is very ambiguous. The study of discourse or discourse analysis is actually concerned with the study of text with meaning
being transferred through the sentences of the text itself. It is the study of language use in social contexts. For that reason, the study of discourse means
the study of text. Nunan 1993:5 defines discourse as a continuous stretch of especially spoken language larger than sentence, often constituting a
coherent unit, such as: a sermon, joke or narrative. He also explains that discourse is stretches of language perceived to be meaningful, unified, and
purposive. Based on Nunan’s definition it can be known that discourse analysis means an effort to analyze the stretches of language larger than
sentence whether spoken or written. Based on the previous statements, it is known that the study of
discourse analysis deals with the study of how to analyze a text and its purpose. The texts which are going to be studied are clarified into two kinds
such as written and spoken text. The examples of spoken texts are a sermon, a lecture, etc. On the other hand, the examples of written texts are travel
guides, information leaflets, newspaper articles, poems and so on. Schiffrin 1994:20 describes that discourse is viewed as a level of structure higher
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than the sentence, or higher than another unit of text. The preceding quotation informs discourse as a structure which is greater in size than a
sentence. It is the next level in a hierarchy of morphemes, clause and sentences. Briefly, it is language above the sentence or above the clause.
Discourse analysis is often used in social practice. It can be used to give information, to express a point of view, to shape opinion, to provide
entertainment and so on. These functions, furthermore, are frequently combined in complex ways: a travel guide, for example, may provide
information, but is also designed to promote the attractions it describes; and what is presented as a factual account in a newspaper article will usually
reflect, and promote, a particular point of view. The activity of discourse analysis will produce text analysis. Widdowson 200:6 said whether simple
or complex, all texts are language uses which are produced with the intention of referring to something for some purposes. The texts which are produced in
discourse analysis refer to something for a certain purpose. In other words, they have to make sense.
2.2. Discourse and text
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