Next, sign warrant which connects the evidence as a sign, clue, or symptom of the claim. Third, authority warrant connects the evidence to authoritative sources in
support of the claim. Analogy Warrant connects the evidence to the claim using analogies of similar relevant situations, events, or precedents. Causality warrant
which connects the evidence as being caused by or the result of the claim. The last is principle warrant which connects the evidence to the claim as an application of a
broader, relevant principle. Besides closely connected to qualifier, warrants are also connected to backings and rebuttals.
2.2.7.4 Backing
To give support to a warrant, backing is used. After mentioning warrants in the argument, people may ask
“Why do you think that?” Toulmin, 2003:96. The answer to that question is called backing. Backing supports a warrant by propping
up the reason given and by giving the warrant authority and to show that the warrant is valid and relevance. By adding backing in support to warrant, it gives a
legitimation to warrant. Backings can be in the forms of facts, information, observation, interview and theories of experts.
2.2.7.5 Qualifier To find out about the quality of the argument, qualifiers are employed to show the
strength or limitation of a claim. Qualifiers can be in the form of a word or a phrase such as “certainly”, “presumably”, “possibly”, “probably”, “impossible”, “never”
and “usually”. There are two kinds of qualifiers, certainty qualifiers and possibility
qualifiers. ‘Perlu’, ‘pasti’, ‘tentu saja’, ‘harus’ shows certainty, while ‘agaknya’, ‘kiranya’, ‘rupanya’, ‘kemungkinannya’, ‘sejauh bukti yang ada’, ’sangat
mungkin ’, ‘mungkin’, ‘masuk akal’. The claim “I am definitely a British citizen”
has a greater degree of force than the claim “I am a British citizen, presumably.”
2.2.7.6 Rebuttal
In delivering arguments, there must be a weak point that other people may have different view towards a claim. They may ask “but how could you say...” The way
to make it stronger is by adding a condition where the listeners may argue. Words such as
“if”, “if.., so...”, “unless” and “except” sign that rebuttals are about to be conveyed. In Indonesian language, the word signs which identify rebuttal are
‘kecuali’, ‘jika’, ‘jika...., maka....’. The rebuttal is exemplified as follows, “A man born in Bermuda will legally be a British citizen, unless he has betrayed Britain and
has become a spy of another”. Nevertheless, rebuttals are used to oppose and review. Rebuttals may bring claims which may not be true by giving
counterarguments. Rebuttals influence the claim by indicating circumstances by setting aside the role of warrants.
2.2.8 The Example of Toulmin’s Argumentation Model Analysis
