Table 2.1 Toulmin Model and Syllogism
Exracted from Toulmin, 2003 Nevertheless, Toulmin’s model of argument is not a theoretical argument
which is in line with syllogism. In fact, Toulmin’s model of argument is used as practical arguments which are suitable for analyzing daily argument. When people
argue in daily life, their arguments do not only consist of three elements such as major, minor premises and conclusion, but also they possibly make complex
arguments. Below is the expanded model of argument by Toulmin.
Figure 2.4. Expanded T oulmin’s Model of Argumentation
2.2.7.1 Claim
Claim is the stand point of argument. It is a statement that the claimant wants others to accept. It needs to be arguable, not ambiguous, confronting with value, belief, or
communicant attitude. Govier 2010:5-6 uses conclusion indicators to identify Claim
Conclusion Ground
Minor Premise Warrant
Major Premise
claim such as “so”, “therefore”, “then”, and “consequently”. Factual claim argues
about what exists, what causes something else, or what the future will bring. Value claim deals with the rightness, the goodness, or the worth of a thing. Finally, policy
claim argues over action or proposal for change. The example of claim is if a person tries to convince a listener that he is a British citizen, the claim would be “I am a
British citizen”. Claims which represent conclusions may occur more than one time. The claim of an argument is, by Björk and Räisänen 2003: 84, defined as the
statement or assertion about an issue that one wishes to convince someone to accept something as being true. The linguistic markers of claim are ‘therefore’, ‘hence’,
‘so’, ‘consequently’, ‘which means that’, ‘which proves that’. However, this thesis deals with the data in Indonesian Language. Conjunctions ‘jadi’, ‘oleh karena itu’,
or‘karena itu’, ‘dengan demikian’, ‘simpulannya’ are used as the conclusion indicators which mean also claim indicators.
2.2.7.2 Ground
Grounds are the support for a claim. Toulmin asserts that opinions, credible academic works, reports, statistics, quotations, findings, narrative or other forms of
ground including sub-arguments can be used to bolster the claim besides facts. Moreover, a
question “What do you have to prove?” or “What is the proof?” evokes answers which is known as Ground. The evidence provides support and rationale
for the claim. Ground needs to be stated explicitly not implicitly Toulmin, 2003: 92
.The premise indicators are ‘sebab’, ‘karena’, ‘alasannya adalah’, ‘buktinya’, ‘faktanya’, ‘berdasarkan data-data berikut ini’ and ‘hal ini didukung oleh’. Ground
needs to be stated explicitly not implicitly. The indicators of ground in English are ‘because’, ‘as shown by’, ‘given that’, ‘seeing that’, ‘as indicated by’, ‘considering
that’.
2.2.7.3 Warrant
