15 Huffman, Vernoy and Vernoy 2000 states that motivation is related to
factors within an individual such as needs, desires, and interests that activate, maintain and direct behavior toward a goal p. 392. It means that a goal motivates
someone to do or achieve something. In addition, Huffman 2000 also states that there are two forms of motivation that affect achievement namely intrinsic
motivation and extrinsic motivation p.401.
a. Intrinsic Motivation
Intrinsic motivation refers to motivation that comes from the desire to perform an act for its own sake. It means that someone wants to achieve
something for their pleasure, but he or she does not expect to get a reward.
b. Extrinsic Motivation
Intrinsic motivation refers to motivation that comes from the desire to perform an act because of external rewards or avoidance of punishment. It means
that someone wants to achieve something because they want or expect a reward.
5. Theory of Conflict
According to Hocker and Wilmot as quoted by Isenhart and Spangle 2000, “conflict is an expressed struggle between at least two interdependent
parties who perceive incompatible goals, scarce resources and interference from the other party in achieving their goals” p. 23.
Miller 1959 as quoted by Beck 1978 believes that there is always motivation or goals behind the conflict. Regarding to motivation and conflict,
Miller 1959 defines four types of conflicts below pp. 258-260:
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a. Approach-Approach Conflict
This type of conflict consists of two positive goals, but an individual can only choose one of them. For example, an individual has a choice between watch
two good movies at the same time and this conflict can be easily to be resolved.
b. Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict
This conflict consists of two uninterested goals and the only way to solve this conflict is an individual must escape from that situation. If they cannot, it is
difficult to be solved. For example, a child faces two situations, he must do his homework or wash the dishes.
c. Approach-Avoidance Conflict
This conflict consists of one goal, but it has a positive and a negative features. An Individual wants to achieve the goal, but then he or she also wants to
escape from it. For example, an individual wants to go to a movie, but he does not want to spend his money. It will make him be trapped in the difficult situation.
d. Double Approach-Avoidance Conflict
This type of conflict has two goals, but each of it has a positive and a negative features. For example, an individual wants to buy prestigious mobile
phone that is expensive. He might choose to buy a cheaper mobile phone, but it is less prestigious.
