The meanings of Richard Dick Winters` action during his military service as seen in Stephen E. Ambrose`s Band Of Brothers.

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ABSTRACT

Resanto, Emanuel Gevi (2015). The Meanings of Richard Dick Winters’ Action During His Military Service as Seen in Stephen E. Ambrose’s Band of Brothers.Yogyakarta: English Education Study Program, Sanata Dharma University.

This study deals with Band of Brothers, a novel written by Stephen E. Ambrose. This novel tells the story of Richard Dick Winters, a soldier who takes action combat for ally in World War II to against Germany. Richard Winters is a soldier who serves his country in World War II. He becomes a paratrooper soldier in the company, named Easy Company. As a volunteer soldier, he wants to spend his time in army by positive time and with no excuses seriously takes action combat during the war. His motivation, leadership skill and an ability to solve the conflict bring Easy Company lead the campaign the war in Europe. At the beginning of the war, his action in Europe is only to show his willingness to serve the company. As the time passed, he realizes that the war is not only about fighting with enemy, but also helping and releasing the Jewish people who are placed in a concentration camp and treated badly by Germany soldiers.

The aim of the study is to find out the meanings of Richard Dick Winters action during his military service. There are two research questions in this study.

The first question is “How is Richard Dick Winters described in the novel?”And the second one is “What are the meanings of Richard Dick Winters’ action during his military service?”

The theories that are implemented in this study are the theory of character and characterization, the theory of leadership, the theory of motivation and the theory of conflict. The approach used is psychological approach. The primary data of this study is a novel entitled Band of Brothers, while the secondary ones are: Literary books, psychology books, related books and internet.

battery, solving the conflict among his men and changing the leader of Easy Company. Further, the deeper meanings are he does not want to be killed in the first day, refuses to be underestimated by his men, wants to lead Easy Company once more and helps Jewish people, who are treated badly by Germany soldiers.

For future researchers, it is recommended to analyze the meaning of

people around Winters’ action, such as Nixon’s or Sobel’s action. It is also suggested that the novel is used as the material to teach reading.

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ABSTRAK

Resanto, Emanuel Gevi (2015). The Meanings of Richard Dick Winters’ Action During His Military Service as Seen in Stephen E. Ambrose’s Band of Brothers.Yogyakarta: Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris, Universitas Sanata Dharma

Study in berkaitan dengan novel Band Of Brothers, sebuah novel yang ditulis oleh Stephen E. Ambrose. Novel ini bercerita tentang Richard Dick Winters. Winters adalah tentara yang melayani negaranya pada Perang Dunia I, melawan jerman. Dia bergabung dengan pasukan penerjun payung di sebuah kompi, yang bernama Kompi Easy. Sebagai tentara sukarela, dia ingin menjalani waktu di kemiliteran dengan hal-hal positif tanpa banyak keluhan yang mengganggu. Jadi, dia melaksanakan dengan serius semua tugasnya selama perang. Motivasi Winters, kepemimpinannya dan cara dia mengatasi konflik, membawa kompi Easy memimpin kampanye perang di Eropa. Pada awalnya, aksinya di perang Eropa hanya sebatas untuk melayani negaranya. Seiring berjalannya waktu, dia sadar bahwa perang ini tidak hanya untuk mengalahkan musuh, tetapi juga untuk membantu dan melepaskan kaum Yahudi.

Tujuan dari studi ini adalah mencari arti dari aksi Winters selama berada di kemiliteran. Ada dua pertanyaan yang harus dijawab dalam studi ini, yang pertama “Bagaimana Richard Winters digambarkan dalam novel?”, yang kedua “Apa arti aksi dari Richard Winters selama di kemiliteran?”.

Teori yang digunakan adalah teori karakter dan perwatakan, teori kepemimpinan, teori motivasi dan teori konflik. Pendekatan yang digunakan adalah pendekatan psikologi. Sumber data pada studi ini adalah novel Band Of Brothers, sementara itu sumber kedua adalah buku literatur, buku psikologi, buku-buku yang terkait dan dari internet.

Dari hasil studi ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa Richard Winters digambarkan sebagai pekerja keras, baik hati, rendah hati, percaya diri, spiritual, bijaksana, perhatian dan tegas. Lalu, arti dari aksi Winters adalah mengambil alih meriam Jerman, menyelesaikan konflik diantara tentara dan mengganti tongkat kepemimpinan di Kompi Easy. Untuk arti lebih mendalam, Winters tidak mau tebunuh sia-sia pada hari pertama, diremehkan oleh para anak buahnya dan sebenaranya dia ingin lagi memimpin Kompi Easy dan yang terakhir untuk membantu kaum Yahudi yang diperlakukan buruk oleh tentara Jerman.

Untuk para peneliti selanjutnya, disarankan untuk menganalisa orang-orang disekitar Winters, seperti Nixon atau Sobel. Lalu juga disarankan bahwa novel ini dapat digunakan sebagai materi untuk mengajarreading.

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AS SEEN IN STEPHEN E. A

MBROSE’S

BAND OF BROTHERS

A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree

in English Language Education

Emanuel Gevi Resanto Student Number : 101214072

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA

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THE MEANINGS OF RICHARD DICK WINTERS

’

ACTION

DURING HIS MILITARY SERVICE

AS SEEN IN STEPHEN E. A

MBROSE’S

BAND OF BROTHERS

A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree

in English Language Education

Emanuel Gevi Resanto Student Number : 101214072

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA

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I DEDICATED THIS THESIS TO

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STATEMENT OF WORK'S ORIGINALITY

I honestly dcclare that this thcsis,which l havc w五 tten,doeミ nOt contain the work or parts ofthe work OfOther people,cxcept those cited in the quotations and the rcfcrences,as a scientiflc paper should.

Yogyakarta,January 21並 _,2015

The Writer,

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Universitas Sanata Dharalna karya ilmiah saya yang beゴ udul:

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vii ABSTRACT

Resanto, Emanuel Gevi (2015). The Meanings of Richard Dick Winters’ Action During His Military Service as Seen in Stephen E. Ambrose’s Band of Brothers.Yogyakarta: English Education Study Program, Sanata Dharma University.

The aim of the study is to find out the meanings of Richard Dick Winters action during his military service. There are two research questions in this study. The first question is “How is Richard Dick Winters described in the novel?”And the second one is “What are the meanings of Richard Dick Winters’ action during

his military service?”

After analyzing the novel, it can be concluded that Richard Winters is described as a hard working, kind, humble, self-confident, spiritual, wise, caring and decisive person. Then, the meanings Winters’ action are taking the Germany battery, solving the conflict among his men and changing the leader of Easy Company. Further, the deeper meanings are he does not want to be killed in the first day, refuses to be underestimated by his men, wants to lead Easy Company once more and helps Jewish people, who are treated badly by Germany soldiers.

For future researchers, it is recommended to analyze the meaning of

people around Winters’ action, such as Nixon’s or Sobel’s action. It is also suggested that the novel is used as the material to teach reading.

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viii ABSTRAK

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to thank Jesus Christ who always gives me strength, courage and opportunity to finish this thesis. There were many obstacles that I faced during the process of writing the thesis. However, His blessing keep supporting me in finishing my thesis. I would also to thank for Mother mary, who always gives me enlightenment when I encounter some problems in writing this thesis.

I would like to thank my sponsor, Dr. Antonius Herujiyanto, M.A., who always gave much time and patience in helping me to finish this thesis. His support, motivation, energy, guidance and feedback really help me in the process of writing the thesis. I would also like to thank all the lecturers of English Language Education Study Program for their experience and knowledge in teaching me. I would also express my gratitude to all of the staff of English Language Education Study Program for helping during my study at Sanata Dharma University.

My deepest gratitude goes my beloved parents, Fredericus Priyana and Maria Yani Moerdyaningsih for their support, patience, sincere and prayer for me. I would like to thank my beloved brother Benedictus Delly, who always supports and encourages me in writing this thesis, and all of my familiy members who support me to finish my thesis.

My greatest thank is for my best friend, Tiwik, who always supports me. I would like to thank my great cangkruk friends, Marino, Tory, Abi, Kapoek, Ceper, Ais, Gaplek for sharing ideas together in every moment. I also thank to

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Nande, Mentari and Vena who have checked my grammar. I would also like to thank Vincent, Bitha, Arnis, Duma, Mentari, Anin, Sani and Arnis.

I would like to thank all of PBI students batch 2010 for their support in finising my study. Last but not least I would like to thank all people who I could not mention all here by name. May God always be with us.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

TITLE PAGE ...i

APPROVAL PAGES ...ii

DEDICATION PAGE...iv

STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY... v

PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI ...vi

ABSTRACT...vii

ABSTRAK ...viii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...ix

TABLE OF CONTENTS...xi

LIST OF APPENDICES ...xiii

CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Study ... 1

B. Objectives of the Study ... 3

C. Problem Formulation... 3

D. Benefits of the Study ... 3

E. Definition of Terms ... 4

CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE A. Review of Related Theories ... 6

1. Theory of Psychological Approach ... 6

2. Theory of Character and Characterization... 10

3. Theory of Leadership... 12

4. Theory of Motivation... 14

5. Theory of Conflict ... 15

B. Theoretical Framework ... 17

CHAPTER III. METHODOLOGY A. Object of the Study... 19

B. Approach of the Study... 20

C. Method of the study... 20

D. Context of the Novel ... 21

1. Setting of the Novel ... 22

2. Setting of the Writer ... 22

CHAPTER IV. ANALYSIS A. The Description of Richard Winters’Actions... 24

1. Hard-working... 25

2. Kind ... 25

3. Humble ... 27

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xii

5. Spiritual... 29

6. Wise ... 30

7. Caring ... 31

8. Decisive ... 33

B. The Meanings of Richard Winters Action... 34

1. The Surface Meaning... 35

2. The Deeper Meaning ... 39

CHAPTER V. CONCLUSIONS, SUGGESTIONS AND IMPLICATIONS A. Conclusions ... 45

B. Suggestions... 46

C. Implications ... 47

REFERENCES... 48

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xiii

LIST OF APPENDICES

APPENDIX 1 : Summary of Band of Brothers ... 50 APPENDIX 2 : Biography of Stephen E. Ambrose... 52

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1 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

The first chapter consists of five sections. Namely, background of the study, objectives of the study, problem formulation, benefits of the study and definition of terms. First, the background of the study explains the justification of choosing the topic. Second, the objectives of the study states the aims of the research related to the chosen topic. Further, the problem formulation presents the formulation of the research problems to answer. The benefits of the study state the contribution of this thesis for the knowledge development for the students. The last section is definition of terms which explains what the important terms, used in this study.

A. Background of the Study

Band of Brothersis a novel written by Stephen E. Ambrose. He is a well-known author who writes many novels about World War II history. He has written more than twenty five works of history and most of them were done scientifically by conducting researches on original documents, or by interviewing people who experienced World War II.

One of Ambroses’s best seller novels is Band of Brothers, which tells a paratroopers company from United States. This company’s name is Easy Company, 506 Regiment, and 101stAirborne that did combat in Europe to against Germany. At the beginning Easy Company is led by Sobel. By the time of war

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Richard Winters replaces Sobel’s position to lead Easy Company. The leadership skill of Winters brings Easy Company to be one of the elite companies in U.S. The main discussion of this novel is the relationship between the entire members of Easy Company endured their life during World War II, from the time when they have the training camp until they got the victory and went to their homeland.

Band Of Brothers is a novel that depicts people lives on the late of 1945. This novel tells the social world condition during the World War II in Europe. Abram (1985) states that realistic fiction is written so as to give the effect that represents the life and the social world as it seems to the common reader (p.174).

In Band of Brothers, there is a soldier that later on became the ranking officer of E Company who is respected by everyone in Easy Company. He is Richard Dick Winters. His personality makes the entire members of Easy Company always have the motivation to finish what has been ordered to them. His action affected his men during the combat on World War II.

The basic reason the writer chooses this novel is because Band Of Brothers novel contains many kinds of value such as togetherness, trust, respect, strong willingness, leadership and motivation. This novel gives a real description of how a soldier trusted friends during the combat. He believes the men beside him, because they have undergone the basic training together in Toccoa, which make them bound together on Easy Company. In addition, the novel conveys Winters’ leadership skill which successfully affect his soldiers to do a great job. Therefore, it is interesting to describe the character of Winters and his action during action the World War II.

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B. Objective of the Study

The objective of the study is to find the meaning of Winters’ actions during his military service in World War II, as seen in Stephen E. Ambrose’s Band of Brothers.

C. Problem Formulation

There are two problems in this study that can be formulated as follows: 1. How is Richard Dick Winters described in thenovel?

2. What are the meanings of Richard Dick Winters’ actions during his military service?

D. Benefits of the Study

This study expects that the reader can understand the benefits of literary work, as seen by another perspective. The research findings can be used as a consideration in designing the material for literature course. In addition, this study can improve the knowledge of history. Therefore, this research can serve as a reference for future researchers who conduct the study in a similar field.

The writer analyzes the meanings and some positives character of Winters, the character of Band Of Brothers,the writer expects that the study will not only shares some ideas, but also give some values of life. In this study, the writer also gives some action meanings of Winters, which can be used for the reader to learn about leadership, motivation and conflict.

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E. Definition of Terms

There are some key words that appear in this study. The writer clarifies and gives some key words that are important to be explained.

1. Leadership

According to Ciulla (2003), leadership is a particular type of relationship, the hallmarks of which are power and/or influence, obligation and responsibility (p. xi). In this study, leadership is related to Richard Winters’ character. The writer defines leadership as Richard Winters’ way in handling his platoon or battalion during his military action on World War II. His leadership gives an influence to the rest of Easy Company members, like when he takes the Germany battery.

2. Military Service

According to Quick (1973), military service is the military establishment as a whole or a branch of military establishment, such as army, navy or air force. The meaning of service in this novel is how people put themselves in a great danger. People are willing to become volunteers for World War II and they give their lives to join military for service their country. In this study, Richard Winters serves the military, that is endured his life in Europe for the great danger.

3. Motivation

According to Beck (1978), motivation is the contemporary determinants of choice (direction), persistence, and vigor of goal-directed behavior. So, motivation itself has a relation with human behavior. Behavior could happen

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when a person has a specified goal (p. 24). This goal enables humans to perform a specific behavior that leads them to achieve their goal.

The meaning of motivation in this study is the factor which encourages people to do an action of combat. This motivation also encourages people to set a goal. In the novel, Richard Winters’ motivation is to serve his country, which his country is being attacked by Germany.

4. Action

According to Quick (1973), an action is a combat in war such as engagement on both land and water. In this study, the word ‘action’ refers to the action conducted by Richard Winters during the battle in World War II, for example the action in the attack to take the German cannon battery, the action to solve a personal conflict among his men and the action in making a decision for replace the leader of Easy Company.

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6 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

The second chapter of this thesis consists of two sections. There are review of related theories and theoretical framework. The review of related theories discusses the theories and approach employed in the study. This part consists of theory of psychological approach, theory of character and characterization, theory of motivation, theory of leadership and theory of conflict. The next section discusses the theoretical framework which explains the contribution of the theories and reviews in solving the problem of the study.

A. Review of Related Theories

This section will discuss some theories that are going to be used to find the characterization and the meanings of Winters’ action in this study. The writer employs some experts theories to define several terms related to the study and to help the writer answer the problem formulation in chapter one. There are multiple theories that are used in this study, namely psychological approach theory, character and characterization theory, motivation theory, leadership theory and conflict theory.

1. Theory of Psychological Approach

The approach that will be used to analyze the meanings of the character’s action on the novel is critical approach. According to Rohrberger & Wood (1971), critical approach makes the study has its nature, function and positive values (p.3). It means that the reader must know how to read and how to judge the novel.

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In this study, the writer uses psychological approach to discuss the questions formulated in the problem formulation. According to Jung (as quoted by Baynes, 1948), art is a psychological activity, and, in this case, it actually requires a psychological consideration (p. 225). Further, psychology has only a modest contribution to make towards the better and deeper understanding of the phenomena of the life (p. 242).

Literary works, including novel can also be seen from a psychological aspect. Psychological novel has a specific purpose. Henkle (1977),“psychological

novel is to enable us to understand the formation of feeling and attitude in the

individual” (p. 32). This study will discuss the surface and the deeper meaning of

the character or the personality of Winters. Hjelle (1981) describes personality as a process of development from birth to death which integrates and directs the

person’s behavior (p. 156).

Worchel & Shebilske (1989) define the personality as the unique of behaviors (including thoughts and emotions) and enduring qualities that influence the way a person adjusts to him or her or her environment (p. 461). Further,

Worchel and Shebilske (1989) describe the Freud’s psychological theory of the

structure of personality as follows:

Freud believes that the individual’s personality is like the scene of never ending battle: On one hand wants to unacceptable drives striving for expression, on the other hand wants to try to deny or disguise impulses. Freud not only view the personality as the battlefield, but he also identified the participants in this battle: the id, the ego, and the superego (p.471) Freud (as quoted by Worchel & Shebilske, 1989) states these three structures of personality. The first structure of personality is the id. The second

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structure is known as the ego and the last one is known as the superego. These structure of personality are working together to create human behavior (p. 472). a. The Id

The id refers to unconscious level of human personality, and it has the savage quality at the root of humans’ personality. People are born with two instinctual drives that serve as the basic motivation for all behavior. The first drive isErosand the second one isThanatos.

Eros is the drive for survival. The activities that are included in Eros are eating and drinking that engages with sexual activity. The energy force that propels the person to satisfy these drives is called as libido

Thonatos is a destructive drive. The aim of this drive is to destroy others, but there is also a self-destructive aspect to it. In fact, Freud took the grim position that “the aim of all life is death”. This self-destructive impulse is seen not only in suicide, but in the harmful excesses in which so many people engage, such as smoking. It is the unconscious desire for self-destruction that leads us to drive smoke cigarettes. The id, like the savages, leads human beings to satisfy these primitive drives in the most direct and immediate way. It is not concerned with reality, logic, or manners. It functions on the pleasure principle, which dictates the immediate satisfaction of drives.

b. The Ego

Each of us may have primitive desires. It is clear that we could not function long in our social world if we gave free expressions to the savage within ourselves. The ego works on the reality principle. In other words the ego is the

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person’s view of physical and social reality. It tries to satisfy the id impulses by taking into account the possibilities of reward and punishment that exist in a situation. For example, you are very thirsty and you see a nice cold beer sitting on the table in a restaurant. Your id impulses would tell you to grab the beer and drink it. However, the ego would calculate the possible results on this action and the worst thing that may happen. Therefore, the ego would drive you to order and pay for the beer.

c. The Superego

We can view the id as an operator of the signal “I want it now.” The ego

answers this demand by saying, “Let’s be realistic and get it in a way that won’t

cause trouble.” These two forces, however must also deal with the superego,

which says, “Think. Is it right to want it?”. The superego represents our

conscience. It includes the moral values of right or wrong that are largely instilled in us by our parents. The superego makes us feel guilty when we have done the wrong thing.

Freud (as cited in Hjelle, 1981) divided the superego into two subsystems, the conscience and ego-ideal. The conscience is acquired through the use of punishment by the parents. It is concerned about what parents say as “naughty”

behaviour. The ego-ideal is derived from whatever the parents approve and reward. It leads the individual to set up goals and aspirations and, if it is achieved, generate a sense of self-esteem and pride (p. 36)

In addition, psychological approach will also be used to define the theory of motivation, leadership and conflicts. Those three theories will be used to

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analyze the second problem that is formulated in the previous chapter, how the character of Richard Winters did the action during his military service.

2. Theory of Character and Characterization

The first problem formulation in this study deals with the description of the character of Winters. The theory of character and characterization are used as a tool to find the meanings of Winters. So, the author uses the theory of character and characterization to analyze it.

Abram (1985) states that character is the person presented in a dramatic or narrative work, who are interpreted by the readers as being endowed with moral, disposional and emotional qualities that are expressed in what they say (dialogue) and what they do (the action) (p. 23). Since the author will analyze the action of the character, this theory can support the analysis. Additionally, Henkle (1977) divided characters into two; there are major character and secondary character. Major character, are those people whom we observe most often in the novel, whose appearances are frequent, and in the level of pre-eminence as major characters (p. 90) Further in his book, he states that major character in a novel performs a key structural function, upon them we build expectations and desires (p. 92).

Characterization is also used to analyze the description of the character. Henkle (1977), states that characterization is a way to communicate their human qualities which guide us to an understanding of the human themes of the novel (p.87). Further, Murphy (1972) states that there are nine ways that author try to make his character understandable for the readers (pp.161-173)

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a. Personal Description

The anlysiss of the character in the novel can be generated by seeing his appearance. As stated by Murphy (1972) the author can describe a person’s appearance and clothes (p.161).

b. Character as Seen by another

In addition to analyze a character by referring to his or her appearance, a character can also be seen by referring to other characters’ opinion. The eyes and opinions of another character can describe the character of the novel (p.162). c. Speech

The character in the novel can be seen by what the character says, whenever he has a conversation with another and whenever he gives an opinion(p.164).

d. Past Life

The reader can learn something about characters’ past life. The past life can shape a person’s character. It is usually reflected in the comment by the author and person’s thought (p.166).

e. Conversation of Others

The author can also describe character through the conversation of other people and the things they say about him (p.167).

f. Reactions

The character can also be described by knowing the character reactions to various situations and events (p.168).

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g. Direct Comments

Direct comments of the person can also describe the character in the novel, Murphy (1972) states that the author can describe or comment on a person’s character directly (p.170).

h. Thoughts

Besides direct comment, the way of thinking of a person in the novel can also be used to describe one’s character. The author can give us direct knowledge of what a person is thinking (p.171).

i. Mannerisms

The last is about the habit of the character, Murphy (1972) states that the author can describe a person’s mannerism (p.173).

3. Theory of Leadership

Leadership is one of the main parts of the military service, because there is always a rank between a soldier and an officer. The leadership skill is important to a leader when lead a company. In this study, leadership is also used to find out the meaning of the characters action during his military service.

According to Tannebaum, Weschler and Mussarick (1951), leadership is interpersonal influence, exercised in situation and directed through the communication process toward the attainment of a specified goal or goals. Leadership concept focuses on how the leader can achieve a goal. It depends on the influence and the situational of the process. Furthermore, leadership is not always thinking about leader itself, but also about the follower. Tannebaum,

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Weschler and Mussarick (1951) also states that a leader must deal with followers within a cultural, social, and physical context.

According to their definition of leadership, they define the components of leadership as follows (pp.25-29):

a. Interpersonal Influence

The leader has an attempt to affect the behaviour of the follower through communication. Here, the main focus is to affect the follower through behaviour. b. Exercised in Situation

The leader can engage in a group situation by knowing the characteristics, interpersonal relationship, goal or needs and cultural context.

c. The Communication Process

The leader concerns only about interpersonal influence which is exercised through a communication process. In this context, the leader is a communicator that has a goal to convey the meaning or ideas without distortion.

d. Directed Toward The Attainment of a Specified Goal or Goals

A leader wants to achieve a goal and uses his influence to achieve the desired goal, but this goal-oriented is too complex. Sometimes the attainment of a goal can make the satisfaction for both the leader and the follower. There are four categories of attainment of goal as follows:

1) Organizational Goals

A leader and the follower have the same attainment to achieve a goal. Further the task of a leader is to give stimulation to achieve the goal.

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2) Group Goals

This category emphasizes that the follower knows “what the group wants to do”. The leader is a person who uses his or her influence to facilitate the

follower’s attainment.

3) Personal Goals of the Follower

The leader uses their influence to assist the follower in attaining his own personal goals. It will create a good atmosphere around the group.

4) Personal Goals Of The Leader

The leader uses their influence primarily to achieve his own needs. It used to happen unconsciously by the leader.

4. Theory of Motivation

This thesis discusses Winters’ action meaning during World War II. There is always a motivation beyond the action he takes. There are different motivations for each soldier to join a war. However, in this case the writer wants to know

Winters’ motivation. To make it clear, the author uses experts’ theory to define motivation.

According to Beck (1978), motivation is the contemporary determinants of choice (direction), persistence, and vigor of goal-directed behavior (p. 24). So, motivation itself has a relation with human behavior. Behavior could emerge when a person has a specific goal. This goal encourages human to do a specific behavior that leads them in achieving their goal. Jung (1978) also says that in general, when we speak of motives we are referring to the causes or reasons that underlie a given behavior (p. 4).

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Huffman, Vernoy and Vernoy (2000) states that motivation is related to factors within an individual (such as needs, desires, and interests) that activate, maintain and direct behavior toward a goal (p. 392). It means that a goal motivates someone to do or achieve something. In addition, Huffman (2000) also states that there are two forms of motivation that affect achievement namely intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation (p.401).

a. Intrinsic Motivation

Intrinsic motivation refers to motivation that comes from the desire to perform an act for its own sake. It means that someone wants to achieve something for their pleasure, but he or she does not expect to get a reward.

b. Extrinsic Motivation

Intrinsic motivation refers to motivation that comes from the desire to perform an act because of external rewards or avoidance of punishment. It means that someone wants to achieve something because they want or expect a reward. 5. Theory of Conflict

According to Hocker and Wilmot (as quoted by Isenhart and Spangle 2000), “conflict is an expressed struggle between at least two interdependent

parties who perceive incompatible goals, scarce resources and interference from

the other party in achieving their goals” (p. 23).

Miller (1959) as quoted by Beck (1978) believes that there is always motivation or goals behind the conflict. Regarding to motivation and conflict, Miller (1959) defines four types of conflicts below (pp. 258-260):

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a. Approach-Approach Conflict

This type of conflict consists of two positive goals, but an individual can only choose one of them. For example, an individual has a choice between watch two good movies at the same time and this conflict can be easily to be resolved. b. Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict

This conflict consists of two uninterested goals and the only way to solve this conflict is an individual must escape from that situation. If they cannot, it is difficult to be solved. For example, a child faces two situations, he must do his homework or wash the dishes.

c. Approach-Avoidance Conflict

This conflict consists of one goal, but it has a positive and a negative features. An Individual wants to achieve the goal, but then he or she also wants to escape from it. For example, an individual wants to go to a movie, but he does not want to spend his money. It will make him be trapped in the difficult situation. d. Double Approach-Avoidance Conflict

This type of conflict has two goals, but each of it has a positive and a negative features. For example, an individual wants to buy prestigious mobile phone that is expensive. He might choose to buy a cheaper mobile phone, but it is less prestigious.

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B. Theoretical Framework

In order to answer the problem formulation that is stated in Chapter One, the writer uses some theories to analyze it. Since the problem formulation is going to analyze the description of Richard Winters’ character and the meanings of Richard Winters’ action, the writer uses psychological approach proposed by Freud (1923), Hjelle (1981), Worchel & Shebilske (1989), Jung (1948), Henkle (1977), Rohrberger & Woods (1971) to analyze it. For deeper analysis, the writer uses the theory of character and characterization by Abram (1985), Murphy (1972) and Henkle (1977) to analyze the description of Richard Winters’ character. Those theories provide suitable definition to analyze the character of Richard Winters.

The second problem formulation deals with the meanings of Richard Winters’ action during his military service in World War II. The writer employs the theories of leadership, motivation and conflict. Those theories use to find the meanings of Winters’ action.

The leadership theory is dealing with how the character handles and leads his platoon, even further a whole battalion. The writer employs the theory of leadership proposed by Tannebaum, Weschler & Mussarick (1961). All of the leadership components above is used to analyze the character.

The writer uses motivation theory to analyze why Richard Winters had a motivation to do an action combating during the World War II. In this study, the writer uses intrinsic motivation to analyze the character. The motivation theory is important because it gives the explanation about Winters’ reason to join the army

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and how Winters spent his time in army. This theory is proposed by Beck (1978), Huffman, Vernoy & Vernoy (2000) and Jung (1978).

The last theory in this study is the theory of conflict that is proposed by Hocker & Wilmot, Isenhart & Spangle (2000), Beck (1978) and Miller (1959). This study uses the theory of conflict because there is always a conflict when Richard Winters does an action combating in the war. It could be a conflict with him or other persons. In this study, the writer uses the approach-avoidance conflict theory to analyze the conflict among the characters. The theories above are appropriate to analyze the meanings of Winters’ action.

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19 CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY

The third chapter consists of four sections. The first section is about the object of the study. This part deals with the novel of Band of Brothers and the physical description of the literary work studied. The next section is about approach of the study. This section is deals with the approach that is used to analyze this study. The third section is about the method used in this study, it deals with the procedures of analyzing the work. The last section is about the context of the novel that includes the discussion of the setting of the novel and the setting of the writer.

A. Object of the Study

The object of the study is a novel entitled Band of Brothers which was written by Stephen Edward Ambrose. He was born on January 10, 1936 at Illinois, USA. He is well-known as an author for military history. He wrote Band of Brothers in 1992, and then the novel was published by Simon and Schuster Paperbacks with 333 pages long. It is one of the bestseller books by Stephen. The setting of the novel was in Europe during the World War II between ally (USA) and Germany. This novel its readers the Easy Company who did action combat there. This novel was made by interviewing the member of Easy Company one by one. It is an interesting book, because the author had to combine the experience of the soldier become one whole book. This book was also adapted into HBO miniseries event on 2001. Stephen E. Ambrose wrote more than twenty-five

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works of history. He was also the founder of the Eisenhower Center and the recipient of a National Humanities Award in 1999 as well as the Distinguished Civilan Sevice Medal from the Department of Defense in 2000. He passed away on October 13, 2002 in Bay St. Louis Mississippi.

In this novel, Stephen describes some major characters. One of them is Richard Dick Winters, who gave influences to Easy Company. He was one of the leaders who affected the company. There were also some supporting characters who could give a description on how Winters led them.

B. Approach of the Study

In analyzing this book, the author uses psychological approach, because it is suitable to analyze the book based on the problem formulation. Psychological approach can analyze the theories that have been used, such as theory of motivation, leadership, conflict, even character and characterization. The theories above will help the writer explain the description of Winters and the meaning of Winters’ action, which the mainfocus of this study.

C. Method of the Study

This study belongs to a library research because the sources and also the object taken from literary work and written work. There were several methods or steps to do in this study. The first one was reading Band Of Brothers book. The writer reads it for several times and focused on Winters’ character, that becomes

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the main subject of this study. The writer made the notes of Winters, how his action was, how his way of speaking, his behaviour, reaction and thought.

The second step, the writer found the theories of psychological approach and theories of literature which were taken from the library or online sources. The writer chose the suitable theories to analyze this study.

The third step was analysing the Winters’character by using the theory of psychological, and the theory of character and characterization. The writer made a limitation for the character that is related to the meaning later.

The fourth step was analysing the meanings of Winters action. Theory of motivation was used to analyze why he did a combat and the influence on the company. Then, theory of leadership presents how Winters did action to lead his company and the last is theory of conflict that was used to analyze what happened when he led his company.

The last step was drawing the conclusions of this study and giving suggestions for future researchers, and for teachers who want to use this book Band Of Brother, especially for teaching reading class.

D. Context of the Novel

In further analysis of the topic related to the novel entitled Band of Brothers, the writer makes effort to find the social and political condition on the setting of the story. Those conditions provide more explanation that may help the reader understand the story of the novel.

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1. Setting of the Novel

The story of the novel took place in Europe, when the World War II happened in 1944-1945. This war was considered as the biggest war ever for human life and for the world. This war gave a big influence for the development of people’s life. In this novel, there were four countries that became the main combat field for Easy Company, which are France, Holland, Belgium and Germany. It was the war between Ally, United States and Germany.

The end of the World War I triggers some countries to adopt of the idea of fascism. This idea implanted into some countries, mostly in East Europe, through occupation. On the other hand, some countries adopt the idea of liberalism. This difference made some countries got involved into the war. Most of the soldiers of this war were volunteers, including the soldiers in Easy Company. They believed that their country was being attacked by enemy, so they wanted to serve their country.

2. Setting of the Writer

Band of Brothers is a true story which is written by Stephen Edward Ambrose. He is the America’s foremost historian. He likes conducting original research of war and telling the inspiring stories of American heroes in print and in the lecture’s podium. His first biography book, Halleck,was sold fewer than 1000 copies. Because of his success in writing first biography, he was asked to write the biography of the former President Dwight Eisenhower, who became the supreme commander for ally at Worlds War II. The opportunity to met Eisenhower regularly and had a full access to presidential papers. It made him free to write a

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book of the World War II. The full access attracts his interest to create the book of World War. He thought that there were many books told about the general or the high ranking soldier. So, he decided to write a heroic soldier heroes story, which did combat on the front line for their country.

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24 CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS

This chapter elaborates the answers of the problem formulated in chapter one. The analysis is divided into two parts. The first part discusses about Richard Winters’ characteristic. The second part discusses about the meanings of Richard Dick Winters’ actions during his military service.

A.The Description of Richard Winters’ Characteristic

Character and characterization are some of the important parts of the novel. Based on the theory of Abram (1985), the character is a person who seen in the book that is takes action and dialogue. After that, according to Henkle (1977) theory, the writer inferred in Band of BrothersRichard Dick Winters is the major character who had an important role, and the readers build and expect him to lead his men well during the war. Winters become the main character, although the novel does not mainly focus on him, but in each chapter his roles appeared.

Some theories are used in this study to understand and help the writer in going deeper analyze the character of Richard Winters. One of the theories employed is characterization theory to elaborate. As explained in the chapter two before, Murphy (1972) believes that there are nine ways for showing the characters of the novel. Richard Winters has many characteristics; namely hard-working, kind, humble, self-confident, spiritual, wise, caring and decisive. Based on the book, basically Richard Winters is a good person. The kindness has been reinforced by the conflict between Winters and his ranking officer. The conflict

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makes Winters to be more independent and affects Winters to be a good leader and know better how to solve conflicts.

1. Hard-working

Richard Dick Winters is a hard-working soldier, although he is only a volunteer for the army in World War II. He has a great his willingness to serve his country. He joins the army in order to gain the positive experiences on it. So, he joins the Easy Company during in World War II as a paratrooper. Luckily, Easy Company is handled by a strict commander, who forces Winters to give his maximum ability during the basic training. This condition enables Winters get to a great experiences.

Each man in his own way had gone through what Richard Winters experienced: a realization that doing his best was a better way of getting through the army than hanging around with the sad excuses for soldiers they met in the recruiting depots or basic training. They wanted to make their army time positive, learning and maturing and challenging experience (p. 16).

The text above shows that he is hardworking a soldier. He joins the army without compulsion. During his career in the army, he does his best as he could. This character is analyzed based on Murphy’s (1972) theory of characterization. It is derived from the speech (p.164).

2. Kind

One ofthe interesting points of Winters’ character is his kindness. Kind, in this context, does not mean that he is a weak person. However, it refers to the way he handles himself, who at the time has a conflict with his ranking officer. The conflict between Winters and his company commander, Capt. Sobel, makes the condition of Easy Company unstable.

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The N.C.O.s then thought further about what they were doing and decided to consult with Winters. He was invited to the orderly room, where on arrival Ranney told him what the group had done

“Don’t,” said Winters.”Don’t even think about it. This is mutiny” (p. 52).

The dialogue between Winters and Ranney above shows Winters’

kindness. During the conflict, his enlisted men ask Winters why he is transferred to battalion mess officer. They predict it isbecause of Capt. Sobel’s decision since

he has conflict with Winters. However, Winters does not think that way. Instead, he believes that his new position is about mutiny. It is analyzed based on

Murphy’s (1972) theory of characterization. It is derived from the character’s

reactions (p.168).

There is mumbling among the men about the conflict between Capt. Sobel and Richard Dick Winters. Most of the men in the company believe that Capt. Sobel is to be one who should be transferred out, not Winters. The men believe that the main problem is Sobel lack of judgement. He just envies Winters’

leadership, which brings him to get a rapid fit promotion from his higher officer.

Furthermore, there is an expert who also comments on Sobel’s lack of judgement.

He gives a comment that Sobel is Chickenshit.

Paul Fussel wrote, “Chickenshit can be recognized instantly because it

never has anything to do with winning the war.” Winters disagreed. He

believed that at least some of what Sobel was doing---if not the way he was doing it----was necessary. If Easy ran farther and faster than the other companies, if it stayed on the parade ground longer, if its bayonet drills

were punctuated by “The japs are going to get you!” and other

exhortations, why, then, it would be a better company than the others (p. 25).

Again, the fact above shows that Winters is a kind person. He does not believe that Sobel is not as bad as that. He believes that the leadership of Sobel

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still gives influence for the whole company, which later on becomes the bond of the company. It is analyzed based on Murphy’s (1972) theory of characterization. It is derived from the direct comments (p. 170).

3. Humble

Winters is a humble and a simple person. He does not smoke and drunk. He is the person who never wants to show himself off. He is a respected officer, especially among the Easy Company soldiers. The previous conflict with his commander makes Winters does not want to be another person or pretended to be a good leader in order to get the fit promotion. The conflict and his basic character make him becomes a humble soldier.

Winters was none of these, nor was humorous or obstinate. “Nor at any

time did Dick Winters pretend to be God, nor at any time did he act other

than man!”, according to Rader. He was an officer who got the men to perform because he expected best, and “you liked him so much you just

hated to let him down.” He was, and is, all but worshiped by the men of E

Company (p. 23).

The text above shows that Winters is a humble person. He does not want to be another person and he is always respected by other men in the company all the

time. It is analyzed based on Murphy’s (1972) theory of characterization. It is

derived from the conversation of others (p. 167).

During the combat, there is a moment when Winters leads Easy Company to take the battery of Germany. The limited numbers of the members from Easy Company encourage Winters to consider the tactic. The combat is successful and it is because the solid tactic of Richard Winters, and later on he is called to Regimental HQ to explain it.

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A month or so later, Winters was called into regimental HQ. Sink, Strayer, and the staff were sitting in the tent. At the head of a table was S. L. A. Marshall, the Army’s combat historian. The atmosphere around the table was “electric,” Winters remembered. “Those West Pointers would have

‘killed’ to have the opportunity I had to be sitting in the chair across from Marshall.”

“O.K., Lieutenant,” Marshall said, “tell what you did out there on D-Day.

You took that battery of 105s didn’t you?” “yes, sir, that’s right.”

“Tell me how you did it.”

“Well, sir, I put down a base of fire, we moved in under the base of fire,

and we took the first gun. And then we put down another base of fire and

we moved to the second gun and the third gun and the fourth gun.” “No, sir, that’s basically it”. As a junior officer facing all that brass, Winters figured he had better not lay it on too thick. So he made it sound like a routine training problem (p. 85).

The dialogue between Winters and Marshall above shows that Winters is really humble. After the combat of taking the battery of German, Winters is called to Regimental Headquarter to tell what happened during the combat. It can be the opportunity for Winters to accentuate himself, but he does not do it. He says that everything that happened during the combat is just like a routine training problem.

It is analyzed based on Murphy’s (1972) theory of characterization. It is derived

from the speech (p.164). 4. Self-confident

As a leader, Winters also has self-confident. His confidence is useful to give the motivation for the men in the Easy Company. It is conducted by Winters, because everybody needs motivation to face the first jump as a paratrooper at his first combat in Europe. Basically, he is also scared to jump from from the plane. However, his experiences teach him to handle the situation, control him, and to be confident.

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“With that done,” Winters wrote in his diary, “we went to work harnessing up. It’s here that a good jumpmaster can do the most for his men. Getting

all that equipment on, tied down, make it comfortable and safe, then parachute over top, calls for a lot ingenuity and sales talk to satisfy the men

that all’s well” (p. 65).

The text above talks about his diary and shows that what he writes all is well. He believes that all of the equipment is well-prepared. It means that he is

ready for the jump. It is analyzed based on Murphy’s (1972) theory of

characterization. It is derived from the thoughts (p. 171).

Winters also believes that he and the enlisted men can win the war. He has the optimism that they can win it. There was a famous quotation from General Taylor, ranking Officer for the U.S army, that makes Winters is confident to win the war. This self-confident comes to Winters because he knows well about the men. He knows the ability, how to lead them and how to solve the conflict among them.

General Taylor circulated among the men. He told them, “Give me three days and nights of hard fighting, then you will be relieved.” That sounded

good. Three days and nights, Winters thought to himself I can take that. (p.64).

The text above shows that Winters is motivated by the statement of his General which make him more confident. He believes that he can take that and

win the war. It is analyzed based on Murphy’s (1972) theory of characterization. It is derived from the thoughts (p. 171).

5. Spiritual

Richard Winters is a spiritual person, although the book does not directly state that he goes to church and there is not any statement about religion. There are some statements showing that Winters is spiritual. When he is in the plane, by

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the time before his jump in Normandy, he is praying and hoping that he will be able to pass the war and will not fail through the war.

Winters prayed the whole way over, prayed to live through it, and prayed that he wouldn’t fail (p. 67).

The text above shows that Winters is a spiritual person. He thinks that by praying, he could pass the war and does not fail during the war indeed. It is analyzed based on Murphy’s (1972) theory of characterization. It is derived from the thoughts (p. 171).

The day after D-day, he hopes that he can go through the war successfully. Just after the D-day, he wants God to help him during the war and on the D-day plus one. He prayed to God, in order to pass the war and help him went back to his country.

Before lying down , Winters later wrote in his diary, “I did not forget to get

on my knees and thank God for helping to live through this day and ask for

his help on D plus one”(p. 88).

The text above shows that Winters express his gratitude because of God’s

help during the first day. Further he asks for His help after that day. It is analyzed

based on Murphy’s (1972) theory of characterization. It is derived from the

thoughts (p. 171). 6. Wise

Winters is a respected officer, and a wise person. When there is complain

about Sobel’s leadership in Easy Company, Richard Winters could see the case

from another point of view. He does not want to blame somebody for a certain mistake. He believes that it must be seen by another point of view.

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That feeling helped bring the company together. “No doubt about it,” Winters said. “It was feeling everybody shared. Juniors officers, noncoms, enlisted men, we all felt exactly the same way.” But, he added, “It brought us together. We had to survive Sobel.” (p. 26).

The text above shows that Winters is able to see a problem about the lack of judgement of Sobel, there is a point that can make Easy Company bound

together. It is analyzed based on Murphy’s (1972) theory of characterization. It is

derived from the direct comments (p. 170).

After Winters is promoted into Battalion regiment, which is higher than the Company, there are some replacements officers to lead for Easy Company. One day, there was an attack at Bastogne, Belgium which is led by Dike. Unfortunately, he could not lead the company well. After the end of the combat, winters joins a meeting at the regimental HQ.

That evening, Colonel Sink called for a meeting at regimental HQ for all the principal parties involved in the attack. Sink opened with a question for

Winters:”What are you going to do about E Company?”

“Relieve Lieutenant Dike and put Lieutenant Speirs in command,” Winters

replied (p. 212).

The text above shows that Winters is giving the decision to replace the leader for Easy Company. It is the best and the wisest way to avoid his men the failure of to win the combat. He does not want his men to go to a great danger because of the leadership system of the Company leader. It is analyzed based on

Murphy’s (1972) theory of characterization. It is derived from the conversation of others (p. 167).

7. Caring

The member of Easy Company is close to each other. Officer, enlisted men, noncoms soldier respected togetherness. Richard Winters is very caring

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with his men. One moment, there is a person who is wounded in Holland, but he rejoins up his men in Belgium. Winters thinks that he does not need to rejoin if he is still wounded.

As Peacock left, Father John Maloney brought Joe Toye back from the aid station in Bastogne in his jeep. He dropped Toye off by the road. Toye started walking across the field toward the front line. Winters saw him, his arm in a sling, heading back toward the front.

“Where are you going?”Winters asked. “You don’t have to go back to the

line.

“I want to go back with the fellows,” Toye replied, and kept walking (p.

200).

The text above shows that Winters is giving attention to his men. Joe Toye come with his arm in a sling and has conversation with Winters. He tells Joe, that he does not need to go back to the line, but Joe just acts as if there is nothing

happened because his arm is recovered. It is analyzed based on Murphy’s (1972)

theory of characterization. It is derived from the conversation of others (p. 167). The war is almost over and Winters is asked by his ranking officer to take a patrol. He asked the men had a patrol. The patrol succeed to take the prisoner, but one man is killed. The next day, his officer asks Winters to take another patrol. He thinks that another patrol does not mean anything with one men killed, it is the same as suicidal.

Colonel Sink was so delighted with the successful patrol, he ordered another one for the next night. In the meantime, however, it had snowed, then turned colder. The snow was frozen on top, crunchy, noisy. The cold air had cleared out the sky and the moon was shining. Winters thought a patrol under such circumstances was suicidal, so he decided to disobey orders.

Sink and a couple of staff officers came to 2d Battalion CP to observe. They had a bottle of whiskey with them. Winters said he was going down to the river bank to supervise the patrol. When he got to the outpost, he told the men to just stay still. With the whiskey working on him, sink would

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soon be ready for bed. The patrol could report in the morning that it had gotten across the river and into German lines but had been unable to get a live prisoner (p. 234).

The text above shows Winters cares about his men. Looking the situation at the current time, the war is almost over and both, Germany and ally do not do a frontal attack. It does not worth to take patrol that can probably kill his men. It is analyzed based on Murphy’s (1972) theory of characterization. It is derived from the thought (p. 171).

8. Decisive

Winters is a decisive person. He could give a suitable decision for his Company during the combat. Taking Carentan, there is a moment when Easy Company stuck in the ditch and the men would not move out to the road. It is a crucial moment for him. He takes cover from the fire or asks the men to move out and to counter the attack.

By this time, Winters furious. It had taken all night for regiment to get the men in position. Stop, move out, stop, move out, so many times that the men were worn out. “It shouldn’t have been,” Winters said. “It wasn’t that difficult. We had screwed away the night, just getting into the position.”

There was no time for a reconnaissance; Easy had no idea what lay ahead. There was no artillery preparation, or air strikes (p. 94).

The text above shows that Winters has to take a good decision for the men in order to move out and achieve the objective. He was yelling to the men to move

out from the ditch and grab the target. It is analyzed based on Murphy’s (1972)

theory of characterization. It is derived from the reactions (p. 168).

Being the Executive Officer for regimental, Winters cannot directly control and lead Easy Company during the combat. Attacking Bastogne, Belgium, Easy Company faces a lot of Germany soldier. This attack is led by dike, but he could

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not organize his men well. Those problems make Easy Company into difficult situation.

Winters grabbed an M-1 and started to run across the field, headed for the stationary company and its pinned down 1st platoon. He intended to take command, get those men moving. But as he ran down, he thought, Geeze, i can’t do this. I’m running this battalion. I can’t commit myself. He turned and raced back.

“And as I was coming up, there was Speirs standing right in front of me’Speirs! Take over that company and relieve dike and take that attack

on in.’”(p. 209)

The text above shows how Winters take a decision for the company. He can no longer handle Easy Company and lead them. So, he called Speirs, an officer from D Company to take the leader position, and replaces Dike. It is analyzed

based on Murphy’s (1972) theory of characterization. It is derived from the

reactions (p. 168).

The findings of the character and characterization above show that Winters is described as a hard-working, kind, humble, self-confident, spiritual, caring and decisive person. The writer’s reason only shows positive characters because the writer wants to show the real description of a real soldier. What the writer means as a soldier is the soldier who fights the enemy in the front line of the war. Therefore, in this novel, Winters is not the soldier who becomes ranking officer who works behind of the desk during the war.

B. The Meaning of Richard Dick Winters’ Actions During His Military

Service

This section discusses the meaning of Richard Dick Winters’ action during

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and a deeper meaning. The surface meaning can be found and analyzed in the text of the book, by reviewing Winters experiences during his military service. Then, the deeper meaning can be found after reading the whole text of the book and be analyzed by using psychological approach and it is not written in the book. The analysis of the surface and the deeper meaning of Richard Dick Winters action during his military service were provided in the discussion below.

1. Surface Meaning of Richard Dick Winters’ Actions During His Military

Service

The most important thing in this study is about Richard Winters action in the war. The surface meaning is to serve his country in positive time, so he does action combat seriously, without any sad excuses. Richard Winters is a ranking officer of Easy Company. On D-day at Normandy, he has to be the commander of Easy Company since their Commander Lt. Meehan, has been shot on the plane before he jumped. His first action combat was when he leads the company to take the four-gun battery of German 105 mm cannon.

Winters is told by the intelligence that there is a German battery cannon firing Utah beach, a place for Ally infantry landed. Winters and his company are ordered to take that battery. For the combat, Easy Company only consists of no more than 15 people. It means that requiring the good leadership of Richard Winters is needed in order to be able to capture the German cannon.

The 2nd Battalion was less than 100 men strong at that point. Lieutenant Colonel Strayer had responsibilities in all four directions from Le Grand-Chemin. He was trying to build his battalion up to somewhere near its full strength of 600 men, and to defend from counterattacks. He could only afford to send one company to attack the German battery. Hester told Winters to take care of that battery. (p .22)

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Richard Winters usees the solid tactic to take the German battery. He places machine guns as covering fire, and then put two teams for the attack from flanks, left and right. Winters becomes the main assault team with his men. After getting the first attack, he orders his men as soon as possible to put TNT or grenade blowing the first gun, as soon as possible and continued for the next guns. The attack successfully destroyes the German battery, with little reinforcements from D company; however the main tactic is by Richard Winters. This action makes Utah beach opened which can be comfortable landed for Ally infantry. Furthermore, the action raises moral for all of the ally to win the war, especially for Winters and Easy Company, it really affects them.

He did give a full account of the capture of at battery at Holdy, near causeway No. 1, by the 1st Battalion, 506th. Marshall wrote that the battalion had 195 men lined up to take the battery. Winters commented,

“With that many E Co. Men, I could have taken Berlin!”.(p. 86)

From the action combat above, there are some characteristics of Winters that appeared, such as decisive, self-confidence and hardworking. Decisive

characteristic can be seen from Winters’ action meaning when he could decide

suitable tactic for the combat and be confidence with the rest of the men that he had. Hardworking characteristics were proved when he could take the battery.

In addition to the action during the combat, there is also a moment when Winters gives a treatment for his men. Being a company commander makes Winters should know the recent situation or the moral condition of his men. Whenever a conflict among the soldier raises, Winters should know how to solve it.

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At Carentan, France there is a wounded soldier named Private Blithe. As the commander, he also checks the mental condition of his soldiers. Winters asks Blithe calmly and he says that he could not see anything. He thinks that everything is dark, spooky and scary. As a soldier, it is a common feeling that appears when the war is coming and feels scary for each soldier. However, as a commander, he has to know it and has to help him to overcome it. Winters then talks to him and makes him relax. He thinks that what Blithe needs is just somebody to talk and to make him calm. After the conversation, Blithe can see everything and better is not scared. Blithe then rejoins up his friends.

Winters circulated among the wounded. One of them was Pvt. Albert Blithe.“How’re you doing, Blithe? What’s the matter?”

“I can’t see, sir. I can’t see”.

“Take it easy, relax. You’ve got a ticket out of here, we’ll get you out of here in a hurry. You’ll be going back to England. You’ll be O.K. Relax, “Winters said, and started to move on.

Blithe began to get up. “Take it easy,” Winters told him. “Stay still.”

I can see, I can see, sir! I can see you.

Blithe got up and rejoined the company. “Never saw anything like it,” Winters said. “He was that scared he blacked out. Spooky. This kid just

completely could not see, and all he needed was somebody to talk him for a minute and calm him down. (p. 98)

The action above was not related to gun or ammunition, but it is about the soldier morality. Winters are caring, wise and kind. He gives his attention to the wounded soldier, Blithe. He is also wise and kind by saying to the wounded soldier. Basically, for the wounded soldier is able to go home. In this moment Blithe decides does not go to home.

Because of his good leadership at the combat, Winters fits the promotion into battalion regiment. As a result, he can no longer become the commander of

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Easy Company. Getting the promotion could only show his action behind the desk. However he still has a chance to control and give advice for E Company. He has to know who would be suitable to be the next leader for Easy Company. Further, he has to order and discuss the tactic of this company for combat.

The commander of Belgium Easy company commander Lt. Dike, and Winters just stays back at the Headquarters. Basically, as the officer in the battalion, he does not need to deal with the soldier in the field. However, there was a mumbling among the soldiers that his commander is lack of judgement. He seldom appears for the soldier and he just stays in his foxhole. Furthermore, during the combat, as company commander, he asks another soldier to organize the men and he goes for help or in other word escape from the combat. This rumour is heard by Winters. However, he could not give a quick solution, because he needs to analyze the situation and consider his position as a junior officer.

His 1st sergeant wanted to talk. Lipton asked for private conversation. Winters said to meet him in the woods behind battalion CP that night. they met, and Lipton expressed his concern about the company commander. He described Dike’s action, or lack of them, with damning detail. He ended by saying, “Lieutenant Dike is going to get a lot of e

company men killed.”

Winters listened intently, asked a few questions, kept his own counsel. (p. 204)

The next action combat is attacking Foy. Easy Company leads the assault with Lt. Dike who is in charge as the commander. In the middle of the combat, Dike could not lead and organize the tactic well. It makes Easy stop moving and being shot from every direction. Knowing the situation, Winters has to make a quick decision. He asks Speirs, a company commander of Dog company, to take

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over E Company and relieve Dike. Few days later, he decided to relieve Dike from Easy Company and put Lt. Speirs to be the commander of Easy Company.

”what are you going to do aboutCompanyE?”

“Relieve Lieutenant Dike and put Lieutenant Speirs in command,” Winters

replied. (p. 212)

The most important action from Winters is replacing the leadership for Easy Company. Lt. Speirs is a good and a suitable person for E Company. Since then, Winters action only dealt with the order and administration, while in the field he has Speirs.

Winters’ action in Foy, when he becomes the junior officer, shows the

characteristics of Winters, such as decisive, caring, wise and humble. As an officer, he is not authoritative. He gives a chance to another ranking officer to take a decision it. Then, when he knows that the situation in the field does not go well, he replaces the leader for the company and relieves the previous leader. So, the meanings of Winters’ action to serve the country in positive time by taking the

German Battery, to solve the conflict among the men and to replace the leader of Easy Company.

2. Deeper Meaning of Richard Dick Winters’ Actions During his Military

Service

Richard Winters does action and combat in World War II at Europe. The novel explains how Winters and his company act for the war. The surface meanings analyze the action that is written on the book. On the other hand, the deeper meaning analyze the unwritten meaning of the book.

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50 Appendix 1

Summary of Band of Brothers

Band of Brothers is a non-fictional historical novel of the U.S Army’s

Easy Company during World War II on Europe. It was an elite 101st Airborne Division, Easy Company participated in the Normandy D-day invasion and was

the first group of ally who reach Hitler’s Eagle’s Nest.

Easy Company was formed by volunteer soldiers, from different part of U.S with varying backgrounds and education levels. Most of the men did not have military experience and never travelled outside of the U.S. the first basic training for Easy Company began at Toccoa, Georgia. The original commanding officer of this Company was Capt. Herbert Sobel. He trained the men harder than the other company, but he was also arrogant and unlikable.

The men of Easy Company began to bond under Sobel’s tyrannical

command. The soldiers looked up to second lieutenant, Richard Dick Winters. He was humble, fair and likable. Unlike Sobel, Winters demonstrated excellent leadership potential. Sobel continued to infuriate the men during the training due to Sobel lack of judgement; even he struggled to read the map correctly.

Eventually, Sobel was replaced as Easy’s Company commander officer after a

group of non-commissioned officers threatened mutiny.

Easy began campaigning the war at Europe into Normandy, known as

D-Day. In France, easy flourished under Winters’ leadership. He led a successful

attack again German battery with only less than 15 men. then, Winters inspired his men move into Carentan while under enemy machine gunfire and usurp the

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quickly promoted to captain.

Easy Company continued entering Holland for Operation Market Garden. The operation was unsuccessful and endured many casualties. Then, the men continued in Bastogne, surrounded by German soldiers. For twelve days, they slept in foxholes and suffering in the extreme weather. Eventually, the U.S army broke through the lines to rescue easy, but the men insisted that no rescue was necessary. Easy gained elite status in the American public as heroes for the siege which was heavily promoted to media.

Easy Company continued to fight on the France, then finally entered German. The war was nearing the end, but easy remained cautiously optimistic. As the men travelled into Germany, the men encountered scores of surrendering German troops. The men encountered their first concentration in the foothills of the Alps. Then, trekked to Berchtesgaden, where Hitler luxurious mountaintop retreats. As the first Company at Hitler’s Eagle’s Nest, Easy took liberty of looting Hitler’s old refuge and nearby Nazi homes.

After the war ended, the men lived luxury in Austria. However, the soldier became bored and frustration with the way the Army handled choosing who would be discharged. Accidents and altercations occurred due to drunk driving and public drunkenness, Easy Company was slowly broken up as men were discharged. Nearly three years after its inception, easy Company was officially inactivated.

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http://www.bookrags.com/studyguide-band-of-52 Appendix 2

The Biography of Stephen E. Ambrose

Stephen Edward Ambrose was born on January 10, 1936 in Lovington, Illinois, where his father was the town doctor. With the outbreak of World War II, Dr. Ambrose joined the Navy, and the family travelled with him to various postings in the United States until he went overseas. The patriotic atmosphere of the war years has remained part of Stephen Ambrose's life and work ever since. At war's end the family settled in Whitewater, Wisconsin. Stephen entered the University of Wisconsin as a pre-med student, planning to follow in his father's footsteps, but his first college-level class in American history permanently changed his direction in life. He discovered a passion for original research, and for telling the inspiring stories of American heroes in print and at the lecturer's podium.

A chance visit to New Orleans during spring break further determined the course of his life. He "fell in love with that old bag of bones of a city," he says, and after completing a doctorate in history, he began a30-year teaching career at the University of New Orleans. His first bookHalleck, was published in 1962. It sold under 1,000 copies in its first printing, but caught the eye of one of Ambrose's heroes. The 28 year-old professor was amazed to receive a phone call from former President Dwight Eisenhower, who invited him to write his authorized biography.

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Eisenhower's farm in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. He enjoyed the cooperation of Eisenhower's friends and associates, and full access to his presidential papers. The two-volume biography that resulted remains the definitive work on the 34th President, and established Stephen Ambrose as one of America's foremost historians.

Ambrose briefly interrupted his career at New Orleans to accept an appointment at the University of Kansas, but the outspoken professor and his new employers gratefully parted company after Ambrose and his wife were criticized for heckling President Nixon during his visit to the Kansas campus. Ironically, one of Ambrose's most ambitious works in later years was a three-volume life of Nixon, in which the author found much to admire in the administration of a President he had deeply disliked at the time.

Ambrose's work attained unprecedented heights of popularity with his masterful account of the Lewis and Clark expedition,Undaunted Courage. This volume still sat atop the best-seller lists when it was joined by another work from Ambrose,Citizen Soldiers, the GI's view of World War II in Europe from D-Day to the surrender of Germany. His book on Lewis and Clark has stimulated renewed public interest in the history of the Missouri territory. Publication of Citizen Soldiersaccompanied a massive renewal of public interest in the Second World War and the Americans who fought it; Ambrose served as historical consultant for Steven Spielberg's film about D-Day,Saving Private

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Ryan. Spielberg and Tom Hanks later produced a television miniseries based on Ambrose's Band of Brothers.

After retiring from his chair as Boyd Professor of History at the University of New Orleans, Dr. Ambrose served as the Director Emeritus of the Eisenhower Center, and the founder and President of the National D-Day Museum in New Orleans. He was a contributing editor for the Quarterly Journal of Military History, a member of the board of directors for American Rivers, and a member of the Lewis and Clark Bicentennial Council Board. Stephen Ambrose and his wife Moira made their homes in Bay St. Louis, Mississippi and Helena, Montana. In all, Ambrose wrote more than 30 books including Crazy Horse and Custer, Nothing Like It in the World, D-Day - June 6, 1944 and Wild Blue: The Men and Boys Who Flew the B-24's Over Germany.

(Adapted from: http://www.achievement.org/autodoc/page/amb0bio-1 accessed on December 15th, 2014 at 23.26 PM)

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