13 Weschler and Mussarick 1951 also states that a leader must deal with followers
within a cultural, social, and physical context. According to their definition of leadership, they define the components of
leadership as follows pp.25-29:
a. Interpersonal Influence
The leader has an attempt to affect the behaviour of the follower through communication. Here, the main focus is to affect the follower through behaviour.
b. Exercised in Situation
The leader can engage in a group situation by knowing the characteristics, interpersonal relationship, goal or needs and cultural context.
c. The Communication Process
The leader concerns only about interpersonal influence which is exercised through a communication process. In this context, the leader is a communicator
that has a goal to convey the meaning or ideas without distortion.
d. Directed Toward The Attainment of a Specified Goal or Goals
A leader wants to achieve a goal and uses his influence to achieve the desired goal, but this goal-oriented is too complex. Sometimes the attainment of a
goal can make the satisfaction for both the leader and the follower. There are four categories of attainment of goal as follows:
1 Organizational Goals
A leader and the follower have the same attainment to achieve a goal. Further the task of a leader is to give stimulation to achieve the goal.
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2 Group Goals
This category emphasizes that the follower knows “what the group wants to do”. The leader is a person who uses his or her influence to facilitate the
follower’s attainment.
3 Personal Goals of the Follower
The leader uses their influence to assist the follower in attaining his own personal goals. It will create a good atmosphere around the group.
4 Personal Goals Of The Leader
The leader uses their influence primarily to achieve his own needs. It used to happen unconsciously by the leader.
4. Theory of Motivation
This thesis discusses Winters’ action meaning during World War II. There is always a motivation beyond the action he takes. There are different motivations
for each soldier to join a war. However, in this case the writer wants to know Winters’ motivation. To make it clear, the author uses experts’ theory to define
motivation. According to Beck 1978, motivation is the contemporary determinants of
choice direction, persistence, and vigor of goal-directed behavior p. 24. So, motivation itself has a relation with human behavior. Behavior could emerge
when a person has a specific goal. This goal encourages human to do a specific behavior that leads them in achieving their goal. Jung 1978 also says that in
general, when we speak of motives we are referring to the causes or reasons that underlie a given behavior p. 4.
