Benefits of the Study

7 In this study, the writer uses psychological approach to discuss the questions formulated in the problem formulation. According to Jung as quoted by Baynes, 1948, art is a psychological activity, and, in this case, it actually requires a psychological consideration p. 225. Further, psychology has only a modest contribution to make towards the better and deeper understanding of the phenomena of the life p. 242. Literary works, including novel can also be seen from a psychological aspect. Psychological novel has a specific purpose. Henkle 1977, “psychological novel is to enable us to understand the formation of feeling and attitude in the individual” p. 32. This study will discuss the surface and the deeper meaning of the character or the personality of Winters. Hjelle 1981 describes personality as a process of development from birth to death which integrates and directs the person’s behavior p. 156. Worchel Shebilske 1989 define the personality as the unique of behaviors including thoughts and emotions and enduring qualities that influence the way a person adjusts to him or her or her environment p. 461. Further, Worchel and Shebilske 1989 describe the Freud’s psychological theory of the structure of personality as follows: Freud believes that the individual’s personality is like the scene of never ending battle: On one hand wants to unacceptable drives striving for expression, on the other hand wants to try to deny or disguise impulses. Freud not only view the personality as the battlefield, but he also identified the participants in this battle: the id, the ego, and the superego p.471 Freud as quoted by Worchel Shebilske, 1989 states these three structures of personality. The first structure of personality is the id. The second 8 structure is known as the ego and the last one is known as the superego. These structure of personality are working together to create human behavior p. 472.

a. The Id

The id refers to unconscious level of human personality, and it has the savage quality at the root of humans’ personality. People are born with two instinctual drives that serve as the basic motivation for all behavior. The first drive is Eros and the second one is Thanatos. Eros is the drive for survival. The activities that are included in Eros are eating and drinking that engages with sexual activity. The energy force that propels the person to satisfy these drives is called as libido Thonatos is a destructive drive. The aim of this drive is to destroy others, but there is also a self-destructive aspect to it. In fact, Freud took the grim position that “the aim of all life is death”. This self-destructive impulse is seen not only in suicide, but in the harmful excesses in which so many people engage, such as smoking. It is the unconscious desire for self-destruction that leads us to drive smoke cigarettes. The id, like the savages, leads human beings to satisfy these primitive drives in the most direct and immediate way. It is not concerned with reality, logic, or manners. It functions on the pleasure principle, which dictates the immediate satisfaction of drives.

b. The Ego

Each of us may have primitive desires. It is clear that we could not function long in our social world if we gave free expressions to the savage within ourselves. The ego works on the reality principle. In other words the ego is the