9 person’s view of physical and social reality. It tries to satisfy the id impulses by
taking into account the possibilities of reward and punishment that exist in a situation. For example, you are very thirsty and you see a nice cold beer sitting on
the table in a restaurant. Your id impulses would tell you to grab the beer and drink it. However, the ego would calculate the possible results on this action and
the worst thing that may happen. Therefore, the ego would drive you to order and pay for the beer.
c. The Superego
We can view the id as an operator of the signal “I want it now.” The ego answers this demand by saying, “Let’s be realistic and get it in a way that won’t
cause trouble.” These two forces, however must also deal with the superego, which says, “Think. Is it right to want it?”. The superego represents our
conscience. It includes the moral values of right or wrong that are largely instilled in us by our parents. The superego makes us feel guilty when we have done the
wrong thing. Freud as cited in Hjelle, 1981 divided the superego into two subsystems,
the conscience and ego-ideal. The conscience is acquired through the use of punishment by the parents. It is concerned about what parents say as “naughty”
behaviour. The ego-ideal is derived from whatever the parents approve and reward. It leads the individual to set up goals and aspirations and, if it is achieved,
generate a sense of self-esteem and pride p. 36 In addition, psychological approach will also be used to define the theory
of motivation, leadership and conflicts. Those three theories will be used to
10 analyze the second problem that is formulated in the previous chapter, how the
character of Richard Winters did the action during his military service.
2. Theory of Character and Characterization
The first problem formulation in this study deals with the description of the character of Winters. The theory of character and characterization are used as
a tool to find the meanings of Winters. So, the author uses the theory of character and characterization to analyze it.
Abram 1985 states that character is the person presented in a dramatic or narrative work, who are interpreted by the readers as being endowed with moral,
disposional and emotional qualities that are expressed in what they say dialogue and what they do the action p. 23. Since the author will analyze the action of
the character, this theory can support the analysis. Additionally, Henkle 1977 divided characters into two; there are major character and secondary character.
Major character, are those people whom we observe most often in the novel, whose appearances are frequent, and in the level of pre-eminence as major
characters p. 90 Further in his book, he states that major character in a novel performs a key structural function, upon them we build expectations and desires
p. 92. Characterization is also used to analyze the description of the character.
Henkle 1977, states that characterization is a way to communicate their human qualities which guide us to an understanding of the human themes of the novel
p.87. Further, Murphy 1972 states that there are nine ways that author try to make his character understandable for the readers pp.161-173
