5 when a person has a specified goal p. 24. This goal enables humans to perform a
specific behavior that leads them to achieve their goal. The meaning of motivation in this study is the factor which encourages
people to do an action of combat. This motivation also encourages people to set a goal. In the novel, Richard Winters’ motivation is to serve his country, which his
country is being attacked by Germany.
4. Action
According to Quick 1973, an action is a combat in war such as engagement on both land and water. In this study, the word ‘action’ refers to the
action conducted by Richard Winters during the battle in World War II, for example the action in the attack to take the German cannon battery, the action to
solve a personal conflict among his men and the action in making a decision for replace the leader of Easy Company.
6
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
The second chapter of this thesis consists of two sections. There are review of related theories and theoretical framework. The review of related
theories discusses the theories and approach employed in the study. This part consists of theory of psychological approach, theory of character and
characterization, theory of motivation, theory of leadership and theory of conflict. The next section discusses the theoretical framework which explains the
contribution of the theories and reviews in solving the problem of the study.
A. Review of Related Theories
This section will discuss some theories that are going to be used to find the characterization and the meanings of Winters’ action in this study. The writer
employs some experts theories to define several terms related to the study and to help the writer answer the problem formulation in chapter one. There are multiple
theories that are used in this study, namely psychological approach theory, character and characterization theory, motivation theory, leadership theory and
conflict theory.
1. Theory of Psychological Approach
The approach that will be used to analyze the meanings of the character’s action on the novel is critical approach. According to Rohrberger Wood 1971,
critical approach makes the study has its nature, function and positive values p.3. It means that the reader must know how to read and how to judge the novel.
7 In this study, the writer uses psychological approach to discuss the questions
formulated in the problem formulation. According to Jung as quoted by Baynes, 1948, art is a psychological activity, and, in this case, it actually requires a
psychological consideration p. 225. Further, psychology has only a modest contribution to make towards the better and deeper understanding of the
phenomena of the life p. 242. Literary works, including novel can also be seen from a psychological
aspect. Psychological novel has a specific purpose. Henkle 1977, “psychological novel is to enable us to understand the formation of feeling and attitude in the
individual” p. 32. This study will discuss the surface and the deeper meaning of the character or the personality of Winters. Hjelle 1981 describes personality as
a process of development from birth to death which integrates and directs the person’s behavior p. 156.
Worchel Shebilske 1989 define the personality as the unique of behaviors including thoughts and emotions and enduring qualities that influence
the way a person adjusts to him or her or her environment p. 461. Further, Worchel and Shebilske 1989 describe the Freud’s psychological theory of the
structure of personality as follows: Freud believes that the individual’s personality is like the scene of never
ending battle: On one hand wants to unacceptable drives striving for expression, on the other hand wants to try to deny or disguise impulses.
Freud not only view the personality as the battlefield, but he also identified the participants in this battle: the id, the ego, and the superego p.471
Freud as quoted by Worchel Shebilske, 1989 states these three structures of personality. The first structure of personality is the id. The second
