Reference as one aspect of cohesion Endophoric and Exophoric Reference

Both context and co-context have crucial roles in the instance of reference. The environment in which the presupposition is identifiable determines whether the reference is endophoric relation endophora or exophoric relation exophora Halliday and Hasan, 1976. When the source of identification lies outside the co- text and can be found only by examining the context, it is called exophoric reference; when the source of the identification lies in the text, the reference is endophoric. Endophoric reference, has function in the text either as anaphoric, that is reference to the preceding text, or cataphoric, that is reference to the following text. For example: Exophora Stop doing that here. I‟m trying to work. Halliday and Hasan, 1985: 76 The item that cannot be interpreted, except we involve the context in which the sentences appears. Endophora Anaphora: I like reading. It can increase my knowledge. it refers backward to reading Halliday and Hasan, 1985: 77 I have secret information today. John is shot by the army secret information refers backward to John is shot by the army Halliday and Hasan, 1985: 78 Both exophoric and endophoric reference embody an instruction to retrieve from elsewhere the necessary for interpreting the passage. The essential thing of reference, both endophoric textual and exophoric situational is that there is a presupposition that must be satisfied; the thing referred to has to be identifiable somehow. Only endophoric reference is cohesive, since exophoric reference contributes s to the creation of the text, it links the language with the context of situation.Halliday and Hasan, 1976 The following diagram allows us to recognize certain distinction within the class of reference items, according to their differen t uses and “phoric” tendencies. Halliday and Hasan, 1976:33 In referential cohesion, reference which refers to situational element is the more precious and important thing than reference that refers to any other elements Reference Situational exophora Textual endophora to preceding text anaphora To following text cataphora in a text. Therefore, situational reference is claimed preceding textual reference. Logically, it can be seen in entitling process that refers to a thing in the context of situation through the situational reference that refers to a thing that is identified in the text environment. Halliday and Hasan, 1976

2.3.3 Types of Reference

Based on its type, reference can be divided into three types. They are personal references, demonstrative references, and comparative references Halliday and Hasan, 1976:37

2.3.3.1 Personal Reference

Personal reference is reference by means of function in the speech situation through category of person first person, second person and third person ; it is related to the number categories of singular and plural. It involves personal pronoun, possessive determiner and possessive pronoun. Halliday and Hasan 1976 state that there is a principle distinction semantically in the personal system of reference that is between the person defined by their roles in communication process and all other entities. The role can be divided into Speech Roles; they are the roles of speaker and addressee. The distinction is that in term of the traditional categories of person, it is between the first and second person on one hand I, YOU, WE, and third person on the other HE, SHE, IT, THEY, ONE. For more detail explanation, below the tabular form was exposed in transitional grammar. Speech Roles Other Roles speaker addressee Specific Generalized Human One I me Mine my You you Yours you Human Non- human More than one We us Ours our He him His his It it its its One ones - one‟s They them Theirs their Those items above are all reference items. They refer to something by specifying its function or role in speech situation. This system of reference is known as person, where “person” is used in the special sense of „role‟. The traditionally recognized categories are first person, second person, and third person. These categories are interesting with the number categories of singular and plural.