Review of Literatures REVIEW OF LITERATURES, CONCEPTS AND

Reference. The reference is also presented in the form of textual relation such as anaphoric reference and cataphoric reference. Prajanata 2007 on her thesis entitled “The analysis of Personal Reference in the Chi ldren Story “Ali Baba and The Forty Thieves”, present the problems of what types of personal references are used in the children story entitled Ali Baba and The Forty Thieves and how they are presented in the children story entitled Ali Baba and The Forty Thieves. The theory used is proposed by Halliday and Hasan 1976 entitled Cohesion in English. The finding of research is that the types of personal references are found in this children story but there is no possessive pronoun in this children story. The total of personal reference is the third person reference, he and they, and the possessive determiner his and their. The similarity from three theses above with the present study is in the main theory that applied, namely “Cohesion In English” by M.AK. Halliday and Ruqaiya Hasan 1967. However, the differences among these theses with others are about the data source. In the first thesis, the analysis of reference are in the sport articles of the Jakarta Post. The second analysis is the textual relations that are presented in the Jakarta Post. The last thesis is more focused on analysis of Personal Reference in the Children Story “Ali Baba and The Forty Thieves”. In these theses is more focused on analysis of reference in Bhagavad-Gita. Besides, the distinction of this theses with other theses is in presenting data. This study presents the data in form of descriptive and table. This writing is also influenced by an ESL Asian Journal. The article entitled “English Tex: System and Structure of Reference” by Sarkar 1992. He discusses what system and structure of reference and what types of referential cohesion mostly occur in The English Text. The finding of research, there are three of reference mostly occur in the English text: Personal Reference, Demonstrative Reference, and Comparative Reference.

2.2 Concepts

In giving more understanding about the topic discussed in this study, in this section, there are concepts to be described; there are cohesion, reference.

2.2.1 Cohesion

Cohesion expressed through the strata organization of language since it is a semantic relation. Language explained a multiple coding system comprising three levels of coding, or strata, that are: the sematic meaning, the lexico grammar forms and the phonological and the orthographic expression. In everyday terminology, meaning put into terminology, and wording into sound or writing. Halliday and Hasan, 1976:5

2.2.2 Reference

Halliday and Hasan 1976:31 state that reference is potentially cohesive relation, since the source of the interpretation may itself be an element of the text. Halliday and Hasan 1976:31 propose the definition of the reference as a specific nature of information that signaled for retrieval. The information to be retrieved, in the case of reference, is the referential meaning, the identity of the particular thing or class of things that is being referred too. The cohesion lies in the continuity of reference, whereby the same thing enters into the discourse a second time. Reference is a semantic relation, a relation between meanings of particular instances rather than between words or other items of linguistic form. Thus reference item is no way constrained to match the grammatical class of the item it refers too.

2.3 Theoretical Framework

The main theory that used in this study is “Cohesion in English” by M.AK. Halliday and Ruqaiya Hasan 1967 and this writing also use other theory to support the main theory namely, from David Nunan 1993 Cohesive device in discourse text in his book “Introducing Discourse Analysis”. Reference is specific nature of information that is signal for retrieval. The information to be retrieved, in the case of reference, is the referential meaning, the identity of particular thing or class of things that is being referred. Reference can be divided into two terms, exophoric, and edophoric. The exophoric reference signals that reference be made to context of situation; meanwhile the endophoric reference is general name for reference within the text. Endophoric reference are divided into anaphoric and cataphoric. Anaphoric is reference of item that must be made to the preceding text, while cataphoric is reference of item that must be made to the following text. Moreover, reference is divided into three types; they are personal reference, demonstrative reference and comparative reference. Personal reference is