about Yukiko’s life and future anymore. We can see it through the author’s direct comment:
“Since Mimaki came from such an illustrious a family, since so eminent a person as Kunishima was willing to act as intermediary, and since
Teinosuke himself was enthusiastic. Tatsuo did not think it his place to raise objections. Teinosuke was much relieved. Now he had only Taeko to
worry about” 519. It can be concluded that Yukiko’s family has the intrinsic motivation in
finding a husband for Yukiko. They want to find a wealthy husband for Yukiko. It is because a wealthy husband guarantees Yukiko’s life and future. Delighted
becomes the intrinsic reward that Yukiko’s family gets when they succeed to find a wealthy husband for Yukiko.
4.2.3 Achievement Motivation
It has been discussed above that Yukiko’s family has criteria in finding a husband for Yukiko. They try to find a wealthy husband for Yukiko. According to
Franken, the basic assumption of motivation theorist is there is a cause for every behavior 3. There are two reasons why Yukiko’s family tries to find a wealthy
husband for Yukiko. First, it is because Yukiko’s brothers in-law Tatsuo and Teinosuke come
from good family and money. Tatsuo Yukiko’s brother-in-law is the son of a banker. He worked in a bank before he becomes the Makioka heir. The author
gives his comment directly to show it, “Tatsuo, the son of a banker, had worked in a bank before he became the Makioka heir-indeed even afterwards he left the
management of the shop largely to his foster father and the chief clerk” 9.
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Teinosuke Yukiko’s brother-in-law is an accountant who works in Osaka. It is shown by the author direct comment, “Teinosuke, an accountant who worked in
Osaka and whose earnings were supplemented by the money he received from Sachiko’s father, was quite unlike the stern, stiff Tatsuo” 13. Yukiko’s family
expects Yukiko to get a husband like her brothers-in-law. Second, it is because people in Osaka also still know the great name of
Makioka although the Makioka’s fortunes declined. It is shown by the author direct comment, “There was no doubt, then, that Itani was being kind when she
urged Sachiko to ‘forget the past’. The best day for the Makiokas had lasted perhaps into the mid-twenties. Their prosperity lived now only in the mind of the
Osaka who knew the old days well” 8. Henry Murray states achievement motive is someone’s motive to do something as well as possible 406. Therefore, those
reasons are as the motives of Yukiko’s family to find a wealthy husband for Yukiko.
Yukiko’s family’s achievement motive is driven by their desire. Their desire is to maintain the Makioka’s status and reputation. Maintaining the
Makioka’s status and reputation makes Yukiko’s family to have to select a proposal from a man who wants to get married with Yukiko. We can see it
through the author direct comment: “Thinking how proposals had showered upon them two or three years
before and then had suddenly stopped, Sachiko could not help feeling that she had to take a certain amount of the blame herself: for one thing, the
Makiokas had made too much of family and prestige and had set their sight too high, turning away the proposal after proposal; for another,
Taeko’s bad nae seemed to be having its effect” 331.
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Henry Murray in Franken’s defines achievement motivation is “the need to achieve as a desire or tendency to overcome obstacle, to exercise power, to strive
to do something difficult as well as and as quickly as possible” 364. Yukiko’s family wants to maintain the Makioka’s status and name through finding a
wealthy husband for Yukiko. Although finding a wealthy husband for Yukiko is difficult, Yukiko’s family never gives up. Yukiko’s family uses a matchmaker
nakado’s service to help them to find a husband for Yukiko. Yukiko lives in Meiji period 1890-1911. In this period, Japanese people
had known about miai or the practice of arranged marriages. In Meiji Period, miai arranging marriage spread through all classes of Japanese. Love marriage was
still uncommon. The motivations of marriage in Meiji Period were to ensure the continuation of the family and it assets and to find the prospective partner comes
from compatible status and family background “What Is The Definition Of Marriage?”, 4-5. That is why Yukiko’s family uses the matchmaker’s service to
help them to arrange Yukiko’s marriage. Yukiko’s miai arranging marriage had failed many times. It is because
Yukiko’s family had not found a man who fulfilled their criteria. It is shown by the author’s direct comment, “In their hopes finding Yukiko a worthy husband,
they had refused the proposals that in earlier years had showered upon them. Not only seemed quite what they wanted. Presently the world grew tired of their
rebuffs, and people no longer mentioned likely candidates” 8. These are the proposals of men that Yukiko gets from the nakado matchmaker:
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The first proposal is from a man who has money. It happened a year before the newspaper incident. Yukiko was 24 years old. Even though, he had money,
Yukiko’s family did want to continue the miai arranging marriage. It was because after they asked a detective to investigate that man, they knew that the
man deeply involved with a woman. In Meiji period, the family of a man and a woman who followed the miai arranging marriage could use a detective’s
service to investigate their family background or social background. It is shown by the author’s direct comment:
“The spring of the year before-had it been?-they had had a similar proposal. That man was also in his forties, it was also a first marriage, and
the family had money. Everyone was most excited. The day had been set for exchanging betrothal gifts when suddenly the Makiokas learned that
the man was deeply involved with a woman and was taking a wife to screen the affair. They had of course immediately ended the negotiation”
61.
The negotiation of Yukiko’s miai arranging marriage ended because that man had affair with a woman.
The second proposal is from a man has belonged to a class above the Makiokas when Yukiko was 25 years old. That man and his family knew the
newspaper incident and they stopped the negotiation. It is shown by the author’s direct comment:
“There had, it was true, been a similar proposal some five years before. The man had belonged to a class above the Makiokas, and when, much
excited, they had set about investigating, they had found to their very great disappointment that there was evidence of a domestic scandal” 331.
The third proposal is from Saigusa. He is a rich man. He comes from the
heir of a wealthy family and executive of a bank in Toyohasi. It is shown by the author’s direct comment:
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“The candidate in question was the heir of a wealthy family and executive of a bank in Toyohasi, not far from Nagoya. Since that bank and Tatsuo’s
were correspondents, Tatsuo knew all he needed to know about the man’s character and finances. The social position of the Saigusa family of
Toyohasi was unassailable, indeed a little too high for what the Makioka family had become” 9-10.
After the meeting is arranged, Yukiko does not want to get married to
Saigusa. It is because he is so countrified and quite unintelligent. It is also shown by the author’s direct comment:
“The man himself was admirable in every respect, and presently a meeting with Yukiko was arranged. Thereupon Yukiko objected, and was not to be
moved. There was nothing she really found fault with in the man’s appearance and manner, she said, but he was so countrified. Although he
was no doubt as admirable as Tatsuo said, one could see that he was quite unintelligent” 10.
The fourth proposal is form Segoshi. He comes from the middle class. His
age is past forty. He works in M.B. Chemical Industries French company. He makes a hundred seventy or eighty yen a month, possible two hundred fifty with
bonuses. Every night, he teaches French. By teaching French, he makes a hundred yen a month. Totally, his income is three hundred fifty a month. He has very little
property. It is seen in the conversation between Sachiko and Taeko: “The man works in an office, M.B. Chemical Industries, Itani says.”
“And is he well off?” “He makes a hundred seventy or eighty yen a month, possibly two
hundred fifty with bonuses.” “M.B. Chemical Industries-a French company?”
“How clever of you. How did you know?” “Oh, I know that much.”
“Does he have property.” “Very little. He still has the family house in the country-his mother is
living there-and a house and lot in Kobe. And nothing more. The Kobe house is very small, and he bought it on installments. And you see there is
not much to boast of” 4.
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After Yukiko met with Segoshi, her family investigated Segoshi. Tsuruko and Tatsuo make a decision that the miai arranging marriage has to be ended.
Tsuruko and Tatsuo know about the condition of Segoshi’s mother. She has mental disorder. It is shown by Tsuruko’s speech:
“This was Tsuruko’s story: Segoshi’s mother, a widow for more than ten years, lived in seclusion in the old family house. She was said to be ill. Her
son rarely called, and her sister, also a widow, cared for her. Ostensibly the illness was palsy, but tradesmen who knew the house said that there was
evidence of mental disorder. The woman seemed unable to recognize her own son” 59.
The fifth proposal is from a man. He is manager of a branch bank south of
Nara. He has five children. But Teinosuke is not interested in that proposal. It is because that man has five children. Teinosuke cannot think about Yukiko if she in
there with five children. It is shown by Mrs. Itani’s speech: “The details were these: the man was manager of a branch bank south of
Nara. He had five children, but the oldest, a boy, was a student in Osaka, and the second, a girl, and could be expected to marry soon. There would
only be three at home. The Makiokas need have no concern about Miss Yukiko’s livelihood, since the family was one of the wealthiest in the
region” 65. The sixth proposal is from Nomura. He is a senior civil servant third
grade. She makes 3600 yen a yearly. He gets 350 yen a month. He has no property. It is shown by the detective agency’s description:
“The detective agency reported that Mr. Nomura was a senior civil servant third grade, with a yearly salary of 3600 yen, and that, with bonuses, he
had a monthly income of about 350 yen. Although he was the son of a Himeji innkeeper, he no longer had property in that city. His sister was
married to one Ota, a pharmacist in Tokyo, and two uncles, one an antique dealer who gave lessons in tea ceremony, the other a clerk in the records
office, still lived in Himeji. The only relative of whom he could be proud, a man whose ward he had been, so to speak, was a cousin, Mr. Hamada
Jokichi; president of the Kansai Electric Company” 124.
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They have to stop the miai arranging marriage because after Sachiko and Teinosuke know that Mr. Nomura has not a serious defect in sense of hearing. By
knowing that, Sachiko believes that Mr. Nomura is about fifty or more years old. He is so old for Yukiko. It is shown by Sachiko’s thought:
“It was not a really serious defect, but they need hardly be so eager to find a husband for Yukiko that they had to accept such a man. A greater defect,
Sachiko thought, was the fact that he looked so old in his pictures, a good fifty or more, well beyond the forty-five reported” 125-126.
The seventh proposal is from Sawazaki. He is very rich. His first wife died. He also has three children. It is shown by the author’s personal description:
“He had talked with two or three people in the course of the day, and learned what he could about the head of the Sawazaki family: that was
about forty-five years old, a graduate of the Waseda University business school; that his wife, who had died two or three years before, had come
from a noble court family; that they had three children; that though it was the previous head of the family who had sat in the House of Peers by
virtue of the taxes he paid, the family’s fortunes had deteriorated little if at all since; and that the Sawazakis were still one of the richest and most
important families in Nagoya” 329.
Before he meets Yukiko, he sends a detective off to Osaka to investigate Yukiko and the Makiokas. It is shown by the author’s direct comment:
“The Sawazaki fortune ran into tens of millions of yen, ridiculously out of proportion to what the Makioka family now had, but inasmuch as it was a
second marriage, and the man had already sent someone off to Osaka to investigate Yukiko and the Makiokas, the prospect did not seem entirely
hopeless” 328. After Sawazaki meets Yukiko twice, Sawazaki writes a letter for Mrs.
Sugano that he has the decision of the miai arranging marriage. It seems that he refuses the miai arranging marriage and there is no a continuation of the miai
arranging marriage. It is seen in Sawazaki’s letter: June
12
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“My Dear Mrs. Sugano: I was happy to find you well in this gloomy weather.
Thank you very much indeed for your troubles of day before yesterday. About Miss Makioka: since, upon conference, we have concluded that the
answer must be negative, I should be most grateful if you would so inform her. I am answering immediately lest I cause you further trouble.
Thank you again for your kindness” 359. Sincerely
yours, Sawazaki Hiroshi
The eighth proposal is from Hasidera. He is probably forty-four or forty- five. He probably has a sizable income besides as director of the East Asia
Pharmaceutical Company. He has one daughter. It is his second marriage. It is shown by Mrs. Niu’s speech:
“Sachiko immediately called Mrs. Niu and learned that the man’s qualifications seemed surprisingly good: his name was Hasidera, he was
from Shizouka Prefecture, and he had two older brothers, both doctors; he had studie in Germany; he rented a house in Tenoji Ward, where he lived
with his daughter and an old housekeeper; the daughter, a student in the Sekiyo Hill Seminary, had inherited all her mother’s elegance and grace;
th man lived well. Inasmuch as he had very probably received a share of the family property two brothers were both successful men, and the
family was one of the more important in Shizouka Prefecture, and he probably had a sizable income become as a director of the East Asia
Pharmaceutical Company; the man himself was well groomed and more than prepossessing-indeed one would not be wrong in calling him truly
handsome. And how old was he? Probably forty-four or forty-five. And the daughter?” 390.
As the common miai arranging marriage, Hasidera meets Yukiko. Sachiko, Teinosuke, Mrs. Niu, and Mrs. Itani are also there. Hasidera sees
Yukiko, but Yukiko cannot look at Hasidera’s face. She is very shy. She is also very quiet. Hasidera looks Yukiko as a moodiness woman. He is not interested in
Yukiko. It is because he likes bright, lively, sparkling girls. Therefore, he ends the negotiation of the miai arranging marriage. It is shown by Mrs. Niu’s speech:
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“There was one difficulty, though: Mrs. Niu had that morning had a call from Mr. Hasidera, who said that Miss Yukiko struck him as a little
moody. He preferred bright, lively, sparkling girls” 398. The last proposal is from Mimaki. He is an architect. His age is forty-four.
It is his first marriage. His family is also rich. It is seen in Kunishima’s speech: “In Kunishima’s opinion, Mimaki was a man of really outstanding talent
when it came to designing Western houses, and there was no doubt that he had a fine future as an architect. Though Kunishima did not claim that
there was much he himself could do, he meant to back Mimaki to the very limits of his ability. Mimaki was having trouble because times were bad,
but one need not be gloomy. The crisis would soon pass. Kunishima would see and he thought the prospects were good whether the Viscount would
agree to pay the wedding expanses, to buy the couple a house, and to give them an allowance for two or three years” 476.
There is also Mrs. Itani’s thought about Mimaki: “That, then, was the story. Itani thought-would they not agree?-that while
they might have certain misgivings, Mimaki was the husband they were looking for. He had many merits: it was his first marriage,; though he was
the son of a concubine, his family was descended from the great Fujiwara clan and his relatives without exception were illustration men; he had no
one to support she had forgotten to tell them that his mother died very soon after he was born, and he had no memories of her; and he was a man
with refined and varied tastes, well versed in the speech and customs of both France and America” 476-477.
After Sachiko and Teinosuke know about Mimaki, they agree that Yukiko will get married to Mimaki. Yukiko’s family accepts Mimaki to be Yukiko’s husband
because Mimaki can fulfill the criteria of Yukiko’s life. It is shown by the author’s direct comment, “Since Mimaki came from such an illustrious a family, since so
eminet a person as Kunishima was willing to act as intermediary, and since Teinosuke himself was enthusiastic, Tatsuo did not think it his place to raise
objections” 519. Finally, Yukiko gets married to Mimaki when she is 33 years old. The author shows it through his direct comment:
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“Yukiko was in Tokyo until the end of March. She could have stayed on until her wedding day, but she wanted a leisurely farewell to Sachiko and
the Ashiya family. She slipped away toward the end of the month, bringing word from Kunishima that wedding had been set for April 29, the
Emperor’s birthday; that it would be in the Imperial Hotel; and that Viscount Mimaki, too old to make the trip, would probably be represented
by his heir and the latter’s wife” 524-525. According to John Jung, intrinsic reward in achievement motivation is the
pride of accomplishment. The successful of achievements are also followed by extrinsic rewards such as social approval or material rewards 136. Yukiko’s
family’s gets social approval when they succeed to reach their goal. We know it through the author’s direct comment, “But Tsuruko had seemed thoroughly
delighted at the news-so Yukiko was finally to be married, and to a member of such a fine family-the Makiokas were rising in the world-no one could look down
on Tatsuo now-and all because of Teinosuke” 514. Therefore, the achievement motivation of Yukiko’s family is to maintain
the Makioka’s status and reputation. According to Atkinson and Birch, people who have the highest need of achievement are people who have a high hope for
success and a low fear of failure 406-407. Yukiko’s family is people who have the highest need of achievement. It is because they have a high hope for success to
maintain the Makioka’s status and reputation. Yukiko’s family gets social approval when they succeed to reach their goal.
4.2.4. Approach Motivation
