Kenny also says that there are traits that influence the building the whole character. They are physical traits, psychological traits, and social traits. Physical
traits are related to the physical appearance of the character, such as handsome, beautiful, thin, fat, tall, short, straight hair, etc. Psychological traits concern with
the emotion, intellectuality, feeling, and motivation of the character. Social traits are related to the character’s role in society e.g. the relationship with groups or
institutions that are recognized by society 32-34. Therefore, characters in this study are persons who are presented in the story.
2.1.3 Theory of Characterization
The process by which the author reveals the personality of a character or the process of conveying information about characters in fiction is called
characterization. By giving description of characterization of the characters in the novel, the author makes the readers to understand the characters. The author also
creates different characterization between one character and other characters in the novel. As we know that all human in the world must have different
characterization. To understand what characterization is, I give some definitions of characterization from some experts.
According to Rohrberger and Woods, Jr. 21, characterization is the process of how authors make a character to exist. They also say that
characterization can be described by using two principles. Two principles are direct principle and dramatic principle. Direct principle is used to draw physical
appearances of the character, such as height, weight, color of slim or eyes, hair,
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and others. Dramatic principle is used to put the character in certain situations so that the readers understand what he or she is, through his or her way on behaving
or speaking. Abrams defines characterization as process for distinguishing the persons
in a narrative. This process uses two techniques. They are showing and telling. In showing technique or the dramatic method, the author simply presents his or her
characters talking and acting. In telling technique, the author intervenes and authoritatively in order to describe and to evaluate the motives and dispositional
qualities of his or her characters 21. Barnet, Berman, and Burto divides three various points to understand the
characteristic of a character in the literary work. The first is what the character says. The way of his or her speaking helps us to determine his or her feeling and
emotion 71-72. The second is what the character does. It relates to the character’s action
during the story. His or her reaction also reflects his or her personality. Sometimes he or she does not say in reacting in a certain moment but through the description
of their body language by the author also helps us to understand the character well.
The third is what the other characters say about the character. This method is based on the comments and opinions of other characters toward the character
itself and the last is what other characters do that refers to their action toward the character help us to analyze the character.
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Furthermore, Murphy states there are nine ways to get better understanding on the characteristics and personalities of the main character 161-
173. The first way is personal description. The author uses personal description to describe a character’s physical appearance of the character, such as face, body,
skin, haircut, and clothes. By knowing the appearances of the character, the readers also can imagine the character well 161-162.
The second way is character as seen by another. The author describes the character through the opinions of another 162.
The third way is speech. The author gives the readers an insight of the character in the novel through what the character or the person says. When the
character is in conversation with another, and he or she gives his or her opinion, he or she is giving the readers some clues to his personality 164.
The fourth way is past life. Sometimes in a story of the novel, the plot jump to the past events and it also includes the past life of the character. It can be
done by direct comment by the author, though the person’s thoughts, through his or her conversation or through the medium of another person 165.
The fifth way is conversation with other characters. The author tries to describe a person’s character through conversation other people and the things
they say about the character 166. The sixth way is reactions. The author tries to describe the character
through how the character reacts to various situations and events. In this way, the readers see the quality of the character in dealing with any conflicts, problems, or
situations arise 168.
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The seventh way is direct comment. The author describes or comments about the character directly 170.
The eighth way is thoughts. The author gives the readers direct knowledge of what a character is thinking about. It is very important for the readers to know
the thought of the character in the novel because they understand the motives behind the actions of the character 171.
The last way is mannerism. The author describes mannerisms and habits of the character in the novel. The author reveals the habits or the mannerism of the
character positively or negatively 173. Through some definitions above, characterization in this study is a process
to describe person in the story.
2.1.4 The Theory of Psychology
