something is the reward. While extrinsic motivation is the motivation is from external factors a promotion or other type of reward of individuals. The extrinsic
reward consists of some external object or situation that satisfies some expectation of the individual and the intrinsic reward involves the feeling of competence one
obtains when one successfully complete a task.
2.1.5.2.2 Human Motives
According to David McClelland, there are four human motives. They are achievement motive, power motive, affiliative motive, and avoidance motive
224. Worchel and Shebilske state achievement motive is “motive to do things as rapidly andor as well as possible” 406. McClelland in Robert A. Baron’s
defines power motive is “the motive is in charge, to have status and prestige, and influence others” 394. Houston in Benjamin B. Lahey’s defines affiliative
motive is “the need to be with other people and to have personal relationships” 368. Avoidance motive is “motives as efforts to avoid discomfort and to reduce
strong stimulation, whether caused by hunger, thirst, pain, electric shock, conflict, or frustration” 374. This study only discuss about achievement motive since this
motive is appropriate. According to Henry Murray in Worchel and Shebilske’s, people are driven
by the motive to do things as well as possible. People who have high achievement motive are “driven by the general desire to set and achieve high standards of
excellent” 406. Henry Murray in Franken’s book defines achievement motivation is “the need to achieve as a desire or tendency to overcome obstacle, to
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
exercise power, to strive to do something difficult as well as and as quickly as possible” 364.
Atkinson and Birch say achievement motivation identifies two dimensions 406. They are hope for success and fear of failure. People who have
the highest need of achievement are people who have a high hope for success and a low fear of failure. People who have a high hope for success seek out tasks that
will challenge their abilities. In contrast, people who are dominated by fear of failure attract to simple goals. Family characteristics and lifestyle also influence
the development of achievement motive 406-407. John Jung states “achievement comes from social factors such as prestige,
and the recognition and admiration of other people” 135. Admiration comes from people who themselves value to achieve equal feats. In addition, social
factors of achievement are also money and other material benefits. Intrinsic reward in achievement motivation is the pride of accomplishment. The successful
of achievements are also followed by extrinsic rewards such as social approval or material rewards 136.
Therefore achievement motivation in this study is the need to achieve a desire or tendency to overcome obstacle, to exercise power, to strive to do
something difficult as well as and as quickly as possible. The successful of achieving goals is also influenced by intrinsic reward pride and extrinsic reward
admiration, prestige, and material benefits.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
2.1.5.2.3 Approach and Avoidant Motivation Franken states motivation theorists have the assumption that every
behavior, there is a cause. Their goal is to identify those causes 3. According to Higgins 3-4, psychologists distinguish between approach causes and avoidant
causes. In approach behavior, people do things because of something they want, desire, or need. This is often conceptualized in terms of a specific goal object. For
example, someone wants to eat because they are hungry. While in avoidant behavior, people do things to avoid something. Anxiety may not immediately
elicit a specific goal object. People who are anxious are often unable to specify the source. Avoidant causes tend to be very compelling. People are not only aversive
or noxious but they are also difficult to ignore. For example, someone is afraid of a snake, feel a strong and immediate need to distance from that goal object.
Heshe is often unable to specify the source of hisher anxiety and heshe attempts to find a safe place.
Watson and Clark in Franken’s say every individual has different anxiety. He or she is more anxious from birth. As a result, he or she is likely to engage in
avoidant behaviors. Even thinking of certain activities is enough to make them anxious. For example, someone avoids eating certain foods because he or she
fears to get sick 4. Zuckerman in Franken’s says “extraverts positive emotionally and
sensation seekers spend more time in approach behaviors. They see the world as a source of opportunities and excitement. For example, people climb a high
mountain or hang gliding or traveling the world” 4. Zuckerman also says the
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
distinction between approach and avoidant motivation. The important determinant of behavior is feelings. Feelings are often caused by chemical reactions in our
body or brain 21. LeDoux in Franken’s states theorists have suggested that people should
monitor their feelings. Therefore, they can guide their actions because their feelings are more closely linked to their survival than is rational thought 21.
Higgins in Franken’s states the different of approach and avoidant motivation. Higgins says “the need to understand the role of self-focus in helping
humans to achieve goals approach motivation and to keep themselves safe and out of harms way avoidant motivation” 8.
Elliot and Covington state “motivation differs as a function of valence” 73. In approach motivation, “behavior is instigated or directed by a
positivedesirable event or possibility” 73. Avoidant motivation is “behavior that is instigated or directed by a negativeundesirable event or possibility” 74.
Therefore, approach motivation in this study is motivation that people do things because of their want, desire, and need. Avoidant motivation is motivation
that makes people to avoid something and keep themselves safe and out of harms way.
2.1.6 Reviews on Literature Marriage Motivation in Japan
